改良型双污泥工艺处理低C/N城市污水

[目的]优化双污泥工艺存在的缺陷。[方法]采用改良型双污泥工艺处理人工配制模拟生活污水,测定处理前后水质并进行比较。[结果]系统出水COD〈40 mg/L、TN〈15 mg/L、氨氮〈3 mg/L、TP〈0.5 mg/L,均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）的一级A标准。[结论]改良型双污泥工艺不仅可以解决硝化细菌与除磷菌之间的泥龄矛盾问题,而且较适合处理低C/N条件下的城市污水。     

商洛水源地土地利用总体规划环境影响评价

结合区域实际引入生态服务价值系数和敏感性指数进行验证,根据商洛水源地规划基年和规划目标年的土地利用变化,采用生态系统服务价值法评估商洛水源地土地利用总体规划(2006—2020)实施后生态系统服务功能总价值变化及其产生的环境影响。结果表明:在规划期内,未利用地和建设用地的动态度较大,分别为-3.07%,1.00%,方案实施后主要土地类型是林地和耕地;2005—2020年生态系统服务总价值呈增长趋势,2020年比2005年增加了101 428万元,其中林地和园地生态系统服务价值分别增加了119 575,89万元,耕地、牧草地、未利用土地和建设用地分别减少了6 416,235,9 389,2 196万元;各种生态服务功能价值除食物生产减少外,其余均呈增加趋势;规划期间各土地利用类型的敏感性指数均1,说明引用的生态系统服务价值系数可行。商洛水源地土地利用总体规划(2006—2020)方案实施后会产生良好的生态效益,未利用土地和耕地向建设用地转化以及86.59%林地对区域社会经济环境影响值得探讨。     

南水北调陕西水源区水土保持效益评价

以陕西水源区为对象,运用因子分析法和专家咨询法从基础效益、生态效益、经济效益和社会效益4个方面构建了水土保持效益评价体系,并基于改进的层次分析法确定各指标权重,运用模糊综合评价法衡量了水土保持项目效果。结果表明:总体来看,水土保持项目改善了陕西水源区整体质量,但在不同效益之间存在差异。基础效益方面表现最优,治理度、土地利用率、道路硬化率等有大幅提升;生态和经济效益方面表现次之,森林覆盖率、环境质量提高率和资金产投比等提升不够明显;经济和社会效益还有很大发展空间,项目对受教育程度、农产品商品率等拉动不足。该研究为南水北调工程水土保持项目的进一步实施提供了科学依据。     

住宅建筑热泵的热源选择

指出了住宅建筑的暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的比重大,较燃煤取暖而言,热泵技术的节能效果显著。从原理特点、适用性、限制条件、土建和设备建设难度和周期、后期管理维护等方面分析了空气、地表（下）水、土壤、太阳能和污水等热泵热源,探讨了住宅建筑热泵热源选择的总的原则。     

Periodicity and gradients in dispersal ofAlternaria linicola in linseed crops

Conidia ofAlternaria linicola produced on infected linseed crops were mainly dispersed by wind. The numbers of conidia in the air above linseed crops collected by a Burkard spore sampler were greatest between 1200 h and 1300 h, when the relative humidity was lowest. Although numbers of conidia collected decreased with increasing height within and above the crop canopy, air-borneA. linicola conidia were present up to 80 cm above the crop canopy. Conidia ofA. linicola were transported by wind up to at least 40 m downwind from an artificial line inoculum source, but their numbers decreased with increasing distance from the source. In 1991, 1992, and 1993, the dispersal ofA. linicola conidia above linseed crops followed a seasonal periodicity which was influenced by weather conditions and cultural practices. The greatest numbers of conidia were collected during July, August and early September and coincided with periods favourable for sporulation and with an increase in the incidence of the disease in the senescent crop. Air-borneA. linicola conidia produced on point or line inoculum sources (naturally infected linseed stem debris) were responsible for the spread of the disease in linseed crops. In 1992 and 1993, the disease was first detected downwind from the sources, but by the end of the growing seasons, it had spread in all directions and up to 20 m and 60 m from the sources, respectively. Disease gradients were initially steep near the inoculum sources but they became flatter with time due to the secondary spread of the disease.     

Effect of Two Nitrogen Forms on the Growth and Iron Nutrition of Pea Cultivated in Presence of Bicarbonate

ABSTRACT

Two cultivars of pea: ‘PS210713’ (‘PS’), sensitive to iron deficiency, and ‘Marveille de Kelvedon’ (‘MK’), tolerant, were cultivated in controlled climatic conditions during one month, on a nutrient solution containing either nitrate (NO₃ ^?, 4 mM) or ammonium (NH₄ ⁺, 4 mM) and in the presence of bicarbonate (10 mM). The effects of these nitrogen forms on the growth and the mineral nutrition, and especially iron nutrition are analyzed.

The reduction of growth by bicarbonate was approximately 30% in case of NO₃ ^? nutrition in the two cultivars, whereas in ammoniacal treatment the reduction is only 6% and 18% respectively in ‘PS’ and ‘MK’ cultivars.

In presence of bicarbonate, the plant growth is not stimulated by NO₃ ^?relatively to its growth on ammoniacal medium, as often noticed when plants are cultivated on medium without bicarbonate: In presence of this compound, the biomass production of plant pea, was not influenced by the nitrogen forms. The nitric source led to a ferric chlorosis in the sensitive cultivar plants whereas any chlorosis was noted when ammoniacal source was applied. On the other hand, nitric nitrogen form decreased the nitrogen feeding of plants and increased the potassium one, while the effect of the ammoniacal nitrogen form on these nutrients was quite the inverse. In addition, the later increased the allocation of iron towards shoots. Besides, with this nitrogen source there was not accumulation of nitrate in the plant tissues. In nitric feeding case, the nitrate is mainly accumulated in the roots of the two cultivars. It is noticeable that the sensitive cultivar (‘PS’) accumulates three times more nitrate than the tolerant one (‘MK’).

On the level of the whole plant, the iron and phosphorus nutrition seems unaltered by the nitrogen form.     

On-farm evaluation of three different hatchery sources of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured in on-levee tanks in low-salinity waters of west Alabama

ABSTRACT

Shrimp farmers in Alabama who produce the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, have recently reported abnormally low survival at harvest. Farmers have hypothesized that this phenomenon may be due to disease, toxic algae, shrimp source, or reduced shrimp robustness in later stages of production. To compare performance of shrimp from different sources, postlarvae were obtained from three different hatcheries and stocked on the same day in on-levee tank systems (TS) on two farms (Farm 1-TS; Farm 2-TS1; Farm 2-TS2). Following 104 days of culture on Farm 2-TS1 and Farm 2-TS2, there were no differences in survival (72.8%–91.2%) or final weight (19.8–24.6 g). At Farm 1-TS following 107 days of culture, there were differences in survival from shrimp sourced from one hatchery (40.5%) compared to the other two hatcheries (61.0%–69.8%). Results demonstrated acceptable growth performance and survival from all hatchery sources.     

农作物秸秆资源的开发与利用

我国每年秸秆产量约5.7亿t,这是一项巨大的资源.为此,从燃料、肥料、工业原料和饲料4个方面论述了秸秆开发利用的方法和原理,指出了秸秆资源利用的出路在于饲料业;同时,强调做好秸秆资源的开发和利用,对于解决我国饲料粮紧缺状况,缓解能源、林木减产的压力具有重要意义.     

近50年来黄河源区水文要素周期性分析及模拟

寒区水文过程是寒区生态系统中的重要环节之一,水热状况将直接决定高寒地区的生态环境状况.用滑动趋势法和墨西哥帽状小波变化分别获取了研究区域近50年来气候变化的年际年代变化及其周期分析,基于青藏高原太阳辐射平衡已有成果,结合联合国粮农组织推荐的彭曼-蒙蒂斯模型,对于达日县可能蒸散发进行了数值模拟.得出以下主要结论:近50年来达日县降水年增加率为0.557 mm/a,而该县最大可能蒸散发量的年增加率为0.132 mm/a,气候总体趋势是由干旱向湿润方向发生转变;达日县年气温序列主要呈现20 a、15 a、7 a和5 a的周期振荡,年降水序列表现为15～20 a和7～8 a的周期振荡;近20年来可能蒸散发呈递减的趋势,汛期序列递减率为0.046 7 mm/a,冬春序列递减率为0.108 4 mm/a.     

上海农村及郊区土壤中PCBs污染特征及来源研究

2007年3月采集上海市农村及郊区36个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱法对土壤中的多氯联苯（PCBs）残留进行了分析,揭示了土壤中PCBs的残留水平、分布、组成特征及来源。结果表明,试区土壤中共检出62种PCB,总浓度最高2530ng·kg-1,最低71.7ng·kg-1,平均含量534ng·kg-1。较高污染浓度主要是编号为BS2、SJ6、JS4和FX4的土壤样品,但从整体采样区域来看,其污染可能主要来源于城区污染导致的区域大气沉降或是全球大气传输所致。上海农村及郊区土壤PCBs污染物以Tri-CBs和Tetra-CBs为主,主要以工业Aroclor1242来源为主。相关性分析显示,土壤中PCBs与TOC具有显著相关性,尤其是对于挥发性较强的低氯代PCBs,表明TOC是影响上海市土壤中PCBs持留的重要因素之一。聚类分析显示,部分采样点PCBs污染与工业品使用有关,但可能还存在其他来源。