Hypernatremia associated with intracranial B-cell lymphoma in a cat

An 8-year-old, spayed female, domestic shorthair cat with a history of hyperthyroidism, anorexia, dehydration, cervical ventroflexion, and behavioral changes was referred to the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine. The cat was obtunded, with severe dehydration (15%) and hypothermia (86 degrees F), and severe muscle atrophy and fasciculations. Serum biochemical abnormalities included severe hypernatremia (195 mmol/L, reference interval 155-165 mmol/L), hyperchloridemia (161 mmol/L, reference interval 123-131 mmol/L), and hypokalemia (3.6 mmol/L, reference interval 4.0-5.7 mmol/L). Calculated osmolality was 418 mOsm/kg (reference interval 280-305 mOsm/kg), attributable to the hypernatremia. The cat was kept warm and given fluid and glucocorticoid therapy and supportive measures but remained unresponsive. Hypernatremia and hyperosmolality improved through day 3, when the cat died suddenly. At necropsy, a 1.25-cm mass was found in the area of the thalamus and interthalamic adhesion that extended to the ventral aspect of the cerebrum. The histologic and immunohistochemical diagnosis was B-cell lymphoma. Hypernatremia and hyperosmolality in this cat were attributed to primary adipsia and hypothalamic dysfunction secondary to effacement of central nervous system tissue by neoplastic lymphocytes. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of central nervous system lymphoma, confirmed by use of immunohistochemical analysis as a B-cell phenotype, associated with hypernatremia. It also is the first reported case of lymphoma in animals limited to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum, with no involvement of the spinal cord.     

The muscular dystrophic chicken is hypernatremic

1. The E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1) gene, the mutation of which causes muscular dystrophy in chickens, is expressed not only in the pectoral muscle, but also in a number of tissues such as the kidney. Therefore, this study examined some parameters related to kidney function in muscular dystrophic (MD) chickens.

2. Plasma osmolality, Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations, aldosterone levels, and the expression of aquaporin (AQP) 2, AQP3, and α subunits of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (αENaC) were analysed in the kidneys of 5-week-old MD chickens and White Leghorn (WL) chickens under physiological conditions or after one day of water deprivation.

3. Plasma osmolality, Na⁺ concentrations, and plasma aldosterone levels were significantly higher in MD chickens than in WL chickens. αENaC mRNA expression levels were lower in MD chickens than in WL chickens. AQP2 and AQP3 mRNA expression levels were similar in the two strains of chickens.

4. Plasma osmolality correlated with aldosterone levels and AQP2 and αENaC mRNA levels in WL chickens. In MD chickens, plasma osmolality correlated with AQP2 mRNA levels, but not with plasma aldosterone or αENaC mRNA levels.

5. These results suggest that neither water reabsorption nor the expression of AQP2 and AQP3 is impaired in MD chickens and that a WWP1 gene mutation may or may not directly induce an abnormality in Na⁺-reabsorption in the kidneys of MD chickens, potentially through αENaC.     

Influence of varying dietary electrolyte balance on broiler performance under tropical summer conditions

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of varying dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth performance and physiological responses in broiler chicks reared during hot summer months (26.1–37.5 °C). The average minimum and maximum room temperatures recorded from 14 to 42 days of age were 26.1 and 37.5 °C, respectively, with relative humidity ranging from 51% to 55%. Five DEB treatments supplying 0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 (Na⁺+K⁺–Cl^?) mEq/kg of diet were prepared by adding NaHCO₃ and/or NH₄Cl to basal diet that contained 185 mEq/kg from 1 to 28 days and 172 mEq/kg from 29 to 42 days. These DEB diets were randomly offered to six experimental units of 20 chicks each. Improved 42‐day body weight gain (BWG), feed:gain (F:G) and reduced mortality was noted with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg compared to DEB 0 and 350 mEq/kg. A quadratic effect of increasing DEB level was observed on BWG and F:G, whereas the effect was linear for feed intake, water intake and litter moisture. The DEB 50, 150 and 250 maintained better blood pH, pCO₂ and HCO₃ concentrations during acute heat stress periods than that of 0 and 350. The blood heterophil and lymphocyte percent as well as heterophil:lymphocyte were remained unaffected. The lowest DEB (0 mEq/kg) diet reduced the feed intake and promoted metabolic acidosis. At 350 mEq/kg DEB, water intake and metabolic alkalosis were promoted probably due to high levels of dietary NaHCO₃. The study concluded that overall better performance was recorded with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg. These results indicated that single optimal DEB value could not be recommended to combat heat stress in broilers.     

褐藻胶低聚糖生物活性研究进展

综述近年来褐藻胶低聚糖在抑菌、抗肿瘤、调节免疫、促生长、抗氧化等生物活性方面的研究,展望褐藻胶低聚糖的应用前景。     

家兔亚硒酸中毒的病理形态学研究

给家兔分别肌肉注射不同剂量的亚硒酸钠，历时入周，复制出亚急性硒中毒的动物模型。病理形态学变化为：家兔的生长受到明显抑制，肝，肾，心，脾等组织器官损害严重如肝实质细胞变性，坏死；肾实质退行病变；心肌纤维变性，充血，肺淤血，水肿：脾萎缩，淋巴细胞坏死，肝，肾，心细胞内线粒高度肿胀，嵴减少，断裂或消失成空泡。     

葡萄糖酸钠和植酸酶对1～3周龄肉鸡磷利用的影响

用350只1周龄的Arbor Acres(AA)商品肉公鸡进行试验,采用2×3＋1试验设计,其中葡萄糖酸钠2个水平（0.2%）,植酸酶3个水平（0.500、1000 U/kg）,另有一满足NRC钙、磷需要的正常日粮,共7个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。研究玉米-豆粕型低磷日粮中添加葡萄糖酸钠和植酸酶对肉鸡磷利用的影响。试验期1～3周。结果表明,在低磷日粮中添加葡萄糖酸钠显著提高了肉鸡的钙（P=0.003）和磷（P<0.001）的表观存留率,降低了血清碱性磷酸酶活性（P=0.038）;植酸酶提高了肉鸡的胫骨灰分重量（P<0.001）、钙（P=0.005）和磷（P<0.001）的表观存留率。在胫骨灰分重量（P=0.030）和磷表观存留率（P=0.008）上,葡萄糖酸钠和植酸酶存在互作。     

Establishment of Detection Methods for Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate in Injections by UPLC-PDA

A detection method of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in houttuynia injection,bupleurum injection,vitamin C injection,lincomycin hydrochloride injection,and asragulus polysacharin injection was established by UPLC-PDA.The Waters ACQUITY UPLC^® BEH C18 column(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm) was used,the mobile phase consisted of 0.75% triethylamine phosphatic liquor/solution (pH 3.0)-methyl alcohol-acetonitrile(50:45:5),the flow rate was 0.3 mL/min,the column temperature had remained 25℃,photodiode array detector wavelength range was 190 to 400 nm,the recorded wavelength was 242 nm,the injection volume was 10 μL.The linear range of dexamethasone sodium phosphatel was 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L (R²=0.9999),the mean recovery and RSD for dexamethasone sodium phosphate in houttuynia injection,bupleurum injection,vitamin C injection,lincomycin hydrochloride injection and asragulus polysacharin injection were 97.54% and 1.14%,101.59% and 0.19%,100.92% and 0.92%,99.82% and 0.73%,100.08% and 0.62%,respectively.This method was accurate,easy and fast,it was suitable for detection of dexamethasone sodium phosphatein houttuynia injection and other four kinds of injections.     

Sodium bicarbonate protects uranium-induced acute nephrotoxicity through uranium-decorporation by urinary alkalinization in rats

To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) in removing uranium and protecting animals from uranium toxicity, we intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate to 8-wk-old male SD rats, and 20 min after administration of uranyl nitrate, the animals were given a single oral administration of SB at 0.1, 0.3 or 1 g/kg. The SB treatment at a dose of 0.3 g/kg or more raised the pH of the rats’ urine until 4 h after treatment, and it significantly reduced the uranium amounts in the kidneys at 1 day after treatment. In another experiment, rats were intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate, and 20 min later, the animals were treated with sodium bicarbonate (0.1 or 1 g/kg). The rats were autopsied at 1, 3 and 7 days after uranium treatment. High-dose SB resulted in a significant increase in urinary uranium excretion in the first 24 h and a reduction of uranium deposition in the kidneys and femurs, and it also significantly suppressed uranium-induced renal toxicity, as shown by both histopathology and clinical chemistry at 3 days after uranium treatment. Low-dose SB did not show such marked effects. Our findings demonstrated that the uranium decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate was observed at the dosage showing urine alkalinization in rats and that decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate might be beneficial if it is administered immediately after incorporation of soluble uranium.     

Vertebrate pesticide risk assessment by indigenous communities in New Zealand

In New Zealand, the vertebrate pesticide sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is aerially applied in baits for control of the brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792). Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, have raised concerns about 1080 impacts on culturally-important species. Here, we outline two steps taken to help Maori assess 1080 risk. First, field research was undertaken to determine if naturally-occurring plants utilized by a Maori community for food and medicine would take up 1080 from baits. Single baits were placed at the base of individual plants of two species, pikopiko (Asplenium bulbiferum) and karamuramu (Coprosma robusta). Plants were sampled at various times up to 56 days, and samples were analyzed for 1080 content. No 1080 was detected in any of the pikopiko samples, whereas 1080 was detected in karamuramu, at a maximum concentration of 5 ppb after seven days, and 2.5 ppb after 14 days. This concentration decreased to 0 at 28 days, indicating that 1080 was not persistent. The results of the present study suggest there is negligible risk of humans being poisoned by consuming plants that have taken up 1080 from baits. To allay community concerns that minute concentrations of 1080 might influence the medicinal properties of plants, it is suggested that a withholding period of 30 days after 1080 control operations could be adopted. Second, after further consultation we undertook a review of the scientific literature relating to 1080 impacts on additional non-target species of cultural importance to Maori. The information was presented on an interactive foodweb database that allowed the collection and presentation of a large volume of complex information about 1080 in a holistic and pictorial fashion. This database was presented to many Maori communities throughout New Zealand, and feedback was overwhelmingly positive. The database is likely to play a key role in informing these communities about 1080, and is seen as an important new tool to help these communities make their own risk assessments.     

The influence of nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and osmoregulation of digitaria eriantha and Chloris gayana grown under saline conditions

Abstract

Digltaria eriantha and Chloris gayana were grown under controlled conditions for three months and were treated with a nutrient solution containing 150 mMol NaCl and the following nitrogen sources: 25 or 200 mg/l NH₄ ⁺‐N or NO₃ ^?‐N or no nitrogen. The application of nitrogen was found to stimulate growth, i.e. leaf area and dry mass in both grasses, with a greatest growth response to both NH₄ ⁺—N treatments in D. eriantha, and NH₄ ⁺‐N and NO₃ ^?—N treatments in C. gayana. Proline accumulated in both grasses, but this accumulation followed different trends in the two grasses. Soluble sugars (non‐structural) accumulated in the above ground component in D. eriantha, while in C. gayana soluble sugars accumulated predominantly in the roots, possibly as osmotica, or for storage and may thus have been available for regrowth.