BUILDING CLIMATE-RESILIENT FOOD SYSTEMS IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: VULNERABILITIES,RESPONSES AND FINANCING

Food system resilience to climate change is uniquely imperative for bringing Sustainable Development Goals within reach and leaving no one behind. Food systems in East and Southeast Asia are interacting with planetary boundaries and are adversely affected by extreme weather-related events. A practical question for East and Southeast Asian stakeholders is how to foster climateresilient food systems in the face of lingering food system vulnerabilities and policy gaps. This paper reviews food syste...     

Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors

Various types of fixed film biofilters have been used in recirculating aquaculture systems under different water quality and operating conditions. The effectiveness of the nitrification process can be evaluated by nitrification kinetics. Nitrification in the bacterial film of the biofilter involves physical, chemical and biological processes that are governed by a variety of parameters such as substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations, organic matters, temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity and turbulence level. The impacts of these parameters upon nitrification kinetics make predicting the performance of a biofilter for a given application an engineering challenge. Knowing the performance of a biofilter is critical for both designers and managers. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on nitrification kinetics as affected by the aforementioned factors based on literature and the results from the authors’ laboratories. These factors were ranked according to their significance of impact on biofilter nitrification performance. The information presented can be used as a reference for the design and operation of biofilters in recirculating aquaculture systems.     

河湖水生态系统服务价值核算研究及应用展望

科学有效地界定河湖水生态系统服务价值评估体系与评估指标,可以促进河湖水生态的可持续发展、合理制定水资源价格、为河湖水生态系统服务价值评估提供参考,同时也为河湖水资源纳入国民经济核算体系提供借鉴,为绿色经济核算提供有力的依据。从河湖水生态系统服务功能、评估体系和评估方法等方面总结了国内外研究进展,分析了现有河湖水生态系统服务体系和评估方法的优缺点。对河湖水生态系统服务评估体系进行了优化,优化后的评估体系包括供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4大类以及水资源供给、水质净化、科研教育和固碳能力等19项指标,优化了水资源供给、提供水产品、水质净化、防洪减灾、休闲娱乐、生物多样性保护等6个指标的评估方法。对河湖水生态系统服务价值核算在生态文明建设考核、生态产品价值实现机制、自然资源资产审计以及新时期河湖长制考核实施方面的应用进行了展望。下一步要制订GEP核算技术标准,建设市场化、多元化的生态产品交易体系,将水资源开发、利用及保护情况、水资源管理生态环境效益等指标纳入审计范围,建立以水生态系统为整体、以维护河湖生态系统健康为总目标、以定量评判和可操作性为抓手的新的河湖长制考核体系。     

Tracking change in a human‐dominated landscape: developing conservation guidelines using freshwater fish

• 1. To conserve biodiversity in a human‐dominated landscape, a science‐based inventory and monitoring plan is needed that quantifies existing resources, isolates drivers that maintain natural communities, determines harmful stressors, and links ecological drivers and human stressors. A tactical approach is proposed for conservation planning using freshwater fish at the Cape Cod National Seashore.
• 2. Freshwater fish are well studied and occur across environmental gradients. The lentic systems at the national park are relatively pristine yet are enveloped by a region of high population density. Using fish community data, three steps were taken for tracking anthropogenic impacts in a human dominated landscape. First, fish and potential drivers were sampled intensively along a gradient to determine which fish metrics reflect natural communities and which abiotic and biotic factors structure them. Second, emerging and existing regional human threats were identified. Third, these human threats were linked to the potential drivers that maintain natural communities to identify the most informative metrics to monitor and track change.
• 3. Fish communities, water quality, habitat, and food resources were sampled concurrently in 18 ponds in 1999 and 2000. Three common fish species explained 98% of variation in numbers across systems. Based on ecological relationships, pH, depth, vegetation, prey, and community complexity were determined to maintain biodiversity of freshwater fish communities.
• 4. The primary human threats here included: development‐related, land‐use changes; non‐point source pollution; eutrophication from septic systems; and introduced species that are a byproduct of high human visitation. These are common threats in many rapidly urbanized areas and are likely to have relevance to many sites.
• 5. To track the impact of emerging threats to freshwater ponds related to increased human population, monitoring changes in water quality, vegetated habitat, fish diversity, and trophic interactions are recommended.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RESPONSES OF WHEAT PLANTS IN TERMS OF SOIL WATER CONTENT,BULK DENSITY,SALINITY, AND ROOT GROWTH UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEMS AND VARIOUS IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES

The effects of irrigation water rates and seed bed shapes on changes in soil water and salinity status, bulk density, root growth and dry matter (DM) weights of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated with a split plot design in a field trial in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan, Iran in 2005. Irrigation intervals after 80 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan were used as main plot. Flat surface, single, triple, and six-row beds with a 20 cm row space were used as subplots. Each treatment was replicated four times. Volumetric soil water content and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 0 —20, 20 —40 and 40 —60 cm depths at nine different times during the growing season. Soil water contents were also measured at 0 —10 and 10 —20 cm depths using standard sampling rings at four different times. The three and six-row beds increased the EC of the saturated paste extract with the more frequent irrigation intervals in this coarse textured soil. Soil water content, DM, and root density were always greater with the more frequent irrigations (shorter irrigation intervals). Root density was greatest in 0 —20 cm depth with the single row bed treatment. Grain yield and root density were greatest with single row bed treatment due to the bed shape at the root development stage (possibly due to a reduced mechanical resistance). A greater soil water content by the short irrigation interval increased grain yield and root density via reducing mechanical resistance. With the loamy sand, bulk density and mechanical resistance increased rapidly after cultivation. Bed shape at root development stage might have enhanced root growth and the crop yields. Apparently, mechanical resistance was the most limiting factor with these loamy sand soils than salinity.     

基于物元标识的人机交互式机械排种器虚拟装配

为实现复杂机械式排种器智能化虚拟装配,集成2B-JP-FX系列双腔复合种盘机械式精密排种器的创新成果与专业知识,缩短设计与研发周期,该文提出了一种基于装配物元标识的智能装配系统。以双腔立式复合圆盘型号排种器为具体研究对象,分析各零部件间的装配关系,明确装配物元组成,完成装配物元的语义信息编码和装配参考的建立。基于CATIA(computer aided three-dimensional interactive application计算机辅助三维交互应用)的二次开发技术,以Visual Basic为开发语言,设计一种适用于物元标识的人机交互平台,可实现对装配语义集的提取与分析,将装配语义信息转化为装配约束,智能引导完成虚拟装配。测试结果证明了该系统的可行性和有效性,为2B-JP-FX系列排种器的研发提供了先进的虚拟仿真手段,也为机械装备数字化资源库奠定了技术基础。     

基于矩阵变换的车载玉米叶绿素含量快速预测系统偏差分析

为了对车载玉米叶绿素含量快速预测系统偏差进行分析,优化车载系统测量结果,该文提出一种空间插值和多维矩阵分析相结合的思想,阐述了基于矩阵变换和GIS空间分析手段的预测偏差分析策略,提高了车载系统快速预测空间分布的预测效果。研究结果表明：使用BP神经网络模型和RBF神经网络模型对车载系统动态预测单点位置叶绿素含量具有一定预测效果,平均决定系数R2约为0.8,2类模型的预测效果相近。RBF神经网络预测结果矩阵经反距离加权法插值后,其空间分布预测偏差度小于10%的数据量占总数据量的85%。表明该方法具有较好的空间预测效果,可以为车载系统动态测量平台预测玉米冠层叶片叶绿素含量的提供决策支持。     

基于改进生态足迹模型的市域主体功能区划

市域主体功能区的合理划分,有利于市域主体经济的形成和社会经济的可持续发展。生态足迹模型是一种评价人类对资源环境开发利用影响程度和区域可持续发展程度的方法。该文以改进的生态足迹模型作为市域主体功能区划的技术方法,设计主体功能区划评价指标体系,与GIS的空间分析功能相耦合,对以县为评价对象的评价单元进行赋值、加权求和测算主体功能指数,确定开发与保护的阈值,并与建设用地适宜性评价、自然保护区等叠置分析,修正主体功能区的空间布局。结果表明：1）生态压力和开发潜力有明显的空间分布规律,除长清区外,市区其他区域生态压力大,开发潜力小;商河县、章丘市开发潜力大,生态压力较小。2）各评价单元主体功能指数界限明显,以此作为除禁止开发区外的主体功能区初步划分的依据。3）将主体功能初划结果与济南市建设用地适宜性评价、自然保护区、重要生态功能区进行叠置分析,修正功能区初划结果,商河县由重点开发区调整为限制开发区。生态足迹法和地理信息系统空间分析功能耦合的技术方法在市域主体功能区划中取得较好应用。     

太阳能加温和沼液回用沼气工程的生态效益评价

为综合评价新型生态清洁技术应用下的规模沼气工程的综合生态效益,该文以北京市顺义区D沼气工程(同时应用沼液循环回用技术和太阳能-地源热泵增温保温技术)为研究对象,利用能量系统图和能值评价体系,从经济效益、环境效益和可持续性3个方面对该系统进行了综合性能值分析,分析了沼液循环回用和太阳能-地源热泵增温保温清洁技术的应用对规模化沼气工程生态经济效益的影响。结果表明:太阳能-地源热泵增温保温技术在规模化沼气工程中的使用,不可再生购买资源投入减少8.80%,系统可持续性提升18.75%,有效替代了化石能源的使用,生态经济效益明显。同时,沼液循环回用技术的应用,可使地下水投入减少65%,在沼气工程周边土地无法充分消纳该沼气工程产生沼液的条件下,可节省1.77E+05美元/a的农田消纳后的剩余沼液排污处理费,环境负荷率减小68.52%,能值可持续指标由0.03增为0.38,系统自我维持能力提升。因此,沼液循环回用和太阳能-地源热泵技术的应用对该沼气工程系统的经济、环境和生态效益有很大改善作用。