太阳自动跟踪系统中光电传感器的设计

针对现有光电传感器存在形式单一、跟踪精度不高、运行稳定性较差等不足,该文通过对光电传感器进行结构设计,设计了一种金字塔式和箱体式嵌套的粗-精跟踪光电传感器,其中箱体式可拆卸、单独使用,其内部的凹面镜利用反射作用有效减小了箱体高度,保证了跟踪过程中的跟踪精度和运行稳定性。在对该传感器的电路进行设计时,选取四运放集成电路LM324为核心,利用其比较作用来控制电机驱动执行机构,从而使聚光系统对准太阳。利用MATLAB/Simulink对模糊PID（proportional integration differentiation,比例-积分-微分）控制器建模和仿真,与PID控制相比,模糊PID控制曲线的响应时间较短,在0.1 s时给系统一个宽度为0.1的矩形脉冲干扰,在0.1～0.2 s之间系统的响应曲线、控制误差的响应曲线以及控制器的输出变化曲线呈现不同的变化;在0.2 s时,均达到稳定状态。通过分析可知,无论是否存在干扰,该控制方法均能使控制器迅速达到稳定状态,减少系统响应时间,从而减少系统的运行成本。该研究为太阳自动跟踪系统的稳定运行和跟踪精度的提高提供了参考。     

关于控制盐渍化的制度安排——以土耳其为例

在高度集权的非市场决策的环境下,有效需求是由政治决策者提出的。他们的决定只出于政治方面的考虑,与当地需求无关。政府方面的有效控制盐渍化服务由于其较高的多变性和交易成本而受到妨碍,而将它们最小化的行政程序本身又导致下水位的上升。有了自治的用水户协会,输水系统的维护和水资源分配条例的实施工作得到改善。可是,它们对控制盐渍化的贡献很小,需要国家对其加以调控。     

基于模糊评价的可重构制造系统生产计划制订方法

为快速合理地确定可重构制造系统新构形的生产任务,提出了一种生产计划制订方法。首先建立适合可重构制造系统的产品评价指标体系,运用模糊数学的理论和方法,对市场上同时出现的多种新产品进行评价,以选出适合于制造系统新构形的生产对象。在此基础上,构建了可重构制造系统生产计划的目标规划模型,并采用序贯式算法进行求解,从而制订出可重构制造系统的最优生产计划。     

基于Matlab的根系断层图像分割处理算法

根据植物根系原位形态可视化研究的需要,利用Matlab提供的图像处理算法,编制了根系断层图像分割处理算法的优选整合程序,用多种不同算法组合对根系CT原位图像进行实例检验,采用最终测量精度法作为评价准则,对分割效果进行分析研究。研究结果表明,在90%的置信水平下,处理模块的不同组合顺序以及每个模块中不同算法的选择对最终分割效果有显著的影响,各因素对分割效果总变异贡献率的大小排序为分割(46.1%)、灰度调整(17.9%)、分割前滤波(4.5%)、分割后滤波(2.6%)、执行序列(0.5%)。根据所设计的实验例证,提出了处理流程及算法中的较优组合。     

ISO质量管理体系在湖南水文的建立

陈述了ISO9000质量管理体系在湖南省水文水资源勘测局的建立过程及带来的管理观念转变,分析了质量管理体系对本单位的利与弊。     

不同耕作方式对小麦旗叶光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

在豫西丘陵旱作条件下,对少耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、一年两熟和传统耕作5种耕作处理的冬小麦旗叶光合、荧光特性和产量、水分利用效率进行了研究,结果表明：免耕覆盖和深松覆盖灌浆中后期小麦旗叶叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量明显高于传统耕作,且有较高的叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比值和叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的比值;开花期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖光化学猝灭系数、非光化学猝灭系数和光化学效率值较传统耕作高,光抑制程度较传统耕作小;灌浆中期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖净光合速率略低于传统耕作,分别为传统耕作的96.4%和99.7%,但差异不显著。免耕覆盖和深松覆盖小麦生育期间耗水量较高,产量和水分利用效率显著提高,与传统耕作相比,产量增加19.3%和9.4%,水分利用效率提高17.5%和8.5%。     

我国梯田农业生态系统文化服务研究热点与趋势

梯田农业生态系统是全球和中国重要农业文化遗产的重要组成部分。为探讨国内梯田农业生态系统文化服务的研究热点和发展态势,本研究利用CiteSpace软件,以CNKI数据库中我国2001—2020年1 403篇与梯田农业生态系统文化服务相关的文献为研究对象,讨论其研究现状、进展和热点。结果表明,发文量整体呈现波动式上升趋势,涉及新工科、新文科等多学科交叉领域研究。研究热点演化具有缓慢发展、快速发展、提升和优化发展的3个阶段性特征,并与国家相关政策及学科发展等有很大关联。梯田文化多样性、服务管理与应用、价值评估等宏观与微观研究主题讨论不断深化,研究态势从早期相对独立的稻作文化和梯田文化,转变为赋能乡村振兴的梯田农业生态系统文化服务,同时梯田可持续管理的研究力度有所加大。本研究回顾和梳理了我国梯田农业生态系统文化服务的研究进展与核心议题,以期为该领域研究和乡村振兴战略实施提供参考依据。     

生态文明教育系统:一个亟待完善的服务系统

生态文明教育是形成生态意识和生态行为的重要途径,是影响生态文明建设进程的重要因素。理想的生态文明教育系统是包含家庭教育、学校教育、企业教育和社会教育四大分系统在内的、拥有完整功能和流程的服务系统;各分系统在时间维度上相互衔接、在空间维度上相互独立,并在不同时空发挥各自的作用。但现行的生态文明教育系统尚未意识到其服务属性,在自我定位、系统设计和流程安排上仍按照传统教育模式进行,不利于形成节约资源和保护环境的生态意识和生态行为。因此,提出重新设计从受教者角度出发、以产生生态行为为根本目的的生态文明教育系统,是实现生态文明教育目标的有效途径。     

Challenges in developing and implementing a decision support systems (ETÇAP) in forest management planning: a case study in Honaz and Ibradı, Turkey

Decision support systems (DSSs) are indispensable tools in preparing a forest management plan for a better combination of multiple forest values. This study attempted to develop and explain a stand-based forest management DSS (Ecosystem-based multiple-use forest planning [ETÇAP]) comprising a traditional simulation, linear programming (LP), metaheuristics and geographic information system. The model consists of five submodels; traditional management approach to handle inventory data, an empirical growth and yield model, a simulation to conceptualize management actions, a LP technique to optimize resource allocation and a simulated annealing approach to directly create a spatially feasible harvest schedule. The ETÇAP model has been implemented in a comparative two case study areas; Denizli–Honaz and Akseki–Ibrad?. Both simulation and optimization models outperformed to the traditional management plan. The periodical change of growing stock, allowable cuts, carbon sequestration and water production are used as performance indicators. The results showed that more amount of wood could be harvested over time compared to traditional level of harvesting. It could be concluded that various management strategies allowed managers to stimulate more decision options for better outputs through intertemporal trade-offs of management interventions as the model provided tools to quantify forest dynamics over time and space. Challenges exist to establish the functional relationships between forest structure and values for better quantification and integration into the management plans.     

Soil enzyme activities during the 2011 Texas record drought/heat wave and implications to biogeochemical cycling and organic matter dynamics

Extreme droughts and heat waves due to climate change may have permanent consequences on soil quality and functioning in agroecosystems. During November 2010 to August 2011, the Southern High Plains (SHP) region of Texas, U.S., a large cotton producing area, received only 39.6 mm of precipitation (vs. the historical avg. of 373 mm) and experienced the hottest summer since record keeping began in 1911. Several enzyme activities (EAs) important in biogeochemical cycling were evaluated in two soils (a loam and a sandy loam at 0–10 cm) with a management history of monoculture (continuous cotton) or rotation (cotton and sorghum or millet). Samplings occurred under the most extreme drought and heat conditions (July 2011), after precipitation resulted in a reduction in a drought severity index (March 2012), and 12 months after the initial sampling (July 2012; loam only). Eight out of ten EAs, were significantly higher in July 2011 compared to March 2012 for some combinations of soil type and management history. Among these eight EAs, enzymes key to C (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase) and P cycling (phosphodiesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases) were significantly higher (19–79%) in July 2011 than in March 2012 for both management histories regardless of the soil type (P > 0.05). When comparing all sampling times, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartase and urease (rotation only) showed this trend: July 2011 > March 2012 > July 2012. Activities of phosphodiesterase, acid phosphatase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase were higher in July 2011 than July 2012 in at least one of the two management histories. Total C was reduced significantly from July 2011 to March 2012 in the rotation for both soils. Only the activities of arylsulfatase (avg. 36%) and asparaginase showed an increase from July 2011 to March 2012 for both soil types, which may indicate they have a different origin/location than the other enzymes. EAs continued to be a fingerprint of the soil management history (i.e., higher EAs in the rotation than in monoculture) during the drought/heat wave. This study provided some of the first evidence of the adverse effects of a natural, extreme drought and heat wave on soil quality in agroecosystems as indicated by EAs involved in biogeochemical cycling.