清水河上游流域可收集雨水资源量估算与检验

以北京市西部山区典型流域——清水河上游流域为例,采用地理信息系统(GIS)和SCS(Soil Conservation Service)相结合的方法,估算了该流域不同土地利用类型在不同水文年6-8月可收集雨水资源量;并选取2008-2009年6-8月10场降雨的实测径流量数据,与SCS-CN模型计算的径流量进行误差分析,用来检验SCS-CN模型的精确度。结果表明:(1)研究区枯水年(p=75%),平水年(p=50%),丰水年(p=25%)6-8月可收集雨水资源量分别为7.16×10⁷,1.04×10⁸,5.71×10⁷ m³,占全年的平均百分比为82.43%;(2)不同土地利用类型在平水年6-8月可收集雨水资源量占总量百分比分别为:草地和林地占86.13%,耕地和园地占4.87%,工矿仓储用地、住宅等其他土地利用类型占9%;(3)利用SCS-CN模型计算径流值与实测值相比,合格率达到90%。     

Inspiring Change in Vermont and Beyond

In this speech, Travis Marcotte, Executive Director of the Intervale Center, shares the Center's innovation and leadership over the past 25+ years, from agricultural land reclamation, community-supported agriculture, riparian restoration, and large-scale composting to farm incubation, food hubs, community celebrations of local food, and more. Travis also shares how the Center is responding to climate change, healing the environment, and connecting people to good food and the profound benefits of a healthier food system.     

Soil enzyme activities during the 2011 Texas record drought/heat wave and implications to biogeochemical cycling and organic matter dynamics

Extreme droughts and heat waves due to climate change may have permanent consequences on soil quality and functioning in agroecosystems. During November 2010 to August 2011, the Southern High Plains (SHP) region of Texas, U.S., a large cotton producing area, received only 39.6 mm of precipitation (vs. the historical avg. of 373 mm) and experienced the hottest summer since record keeping began in 1911. Several enzyme activities (EAs) important in biogeochemical cycling were evaluated in two soils (a loam and a sandy loam at 0–10 cm) with a management history of monoculture (continuous cotton) or rotation (cotton and sorghum or millet). Samplings occurred under the most extreme drought and heat conditions (July 2011), after precipitation resulted in a reduction in a drought severity index (March 2012), and 12 months after the initial sampling (July 2012; loam only). Eight out of ten EAs, were significantly higher in July 2011 compared to March 2012 for some combinations of soil type and management history. Among these eight EAs, enzymes key to C (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase) and P cycling (phosphodiesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases) were significantly higher (19–79%) in July 2011 than in March 2012 for both management histories regardless of the soil type (P > 0.05). When comparing all sampling times, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartase and urease (rotation only) showed this trend: July 2011 > March 2012 > July 2012. Activities of phosphodiesterase, acid phosphatase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase were higher in July 2011 than July 2012 in at least one of the two management histories. Total C was reduced significantly from July 2011 to March 2012 in the rotation for both soils. Only the activities of arylsulfatase (avg. 36%) and asparaginase showed an increase from July 2011 to March 2012 for both soil types, which may indicate they have a different origin/location than the other enzymes. EAs continued to be a fingerprint of the soil management history (i.e., higher EAs in the rotation than in monoculture) during the drought/heat wave. This study provided some of the first evidence of the adverse effects of a natural, extreme drought and heat wave on soil quality in agroecosystems as indicated by EAs involved in biogeochemical cycling.     

Evaluation of Soil Tests for Plant‐available Mercury in a Soil–Crop Rotation System

A reliable soil test is needed for estimating mercury (Hg) availability to crop plants. In this study, four extraction procedures including 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1 M ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) (pH 7.0), 0.005 M diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and 0.1 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (pH5.0) were compared for their adequacy in predicting soil Hg availability to crop plants of a rice–cabbage–radish rotation system. The amounts of Hg extracted by each of the four procedures increased with increasing equilibrium time. The optimal time required for extraction of soil Hg was approximately 30 min, though it varied slightly among the four extractants. The amounts of Hg extracted decreased with increasing soil/solution ratio, and a soil/solution ratio of 1:5 appeared to be adequate for soil Hg availability tests. The amounts of Hg extracted increased in the order of NH₄OAc < CaCl₂ < DTPA < HCl in silty loam soil (SLS) soil, and the order was NH₄OAc < CaCl₂ ≈ DTPA < HCl in yellowish red soil (YRS) soil. Significant positive correlations among the four extractants were obtained in SLS soil. In contrast, the correlations were poor in YRS soil, especially for HCl. There were significant correlations between concentrations of Hg in edible tissue of three plants and the amounts of soil Hg extractable to the four extractants for soil–rice system and soil–radish system, but not for soil–Chinese cabbage system. The 0.1M HCl extraction overall provided the best estimation of soil‐available Hg and could be used to predict phytoavailability of Hg in soil–crop systems.     

基于多层感知器神经网络的土地利用数据库更新模型及应用

针对土地利用数据库更新规则复杂、不同更新类型与更新规则自动匹配困难等问题,该文提出并构建了一种基于多层感知器神经网络的土地利用要素自适应更新模型。该模型将土地利用要素的每个变更类型判断及更新行为判断过程均设计成一个神经元,同类神经元组织成一个网络层,所有网络层采用全连接方式构成一个多层感知更新策略判断模型。该模型可以自动完成变更类型与更新规则的正确快速匹配,且可根据更新规则的变化,灵活改变知识库并产生新的推理机。试验表明:该模型明显减少了人工交互环节,综合更新效率较各基地软件可以提高30%左右,一次性更新正确率可以提高5个百分点以上,研究成果可为土地利用数据库的高效自动更新提供一整套新的解决方案。     

不同种类微生物及其碳酸酐酶对土壤-灰岩系统钙镁锌元素迁移作用的土柱模拟实验研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了筛选自西南岩溶区的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对石灰岩的溶蚀动态及作用效果,并研究了这3种类群微生物及其碳酸酐酶(CA)对土壤-灰岩系统Ca、Mg、Zn元素迁移的影响。结果表明:①实验所用的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌均对石灰岩有较强的溶蚀作用,但是不同类群的微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀效果不同,溶蚀后石灰岩的表面形貌变化不同,其中,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,放线菌和细菌次之;②典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对不同元素迁移的影响不同,对于Zn2 、Ca2 的迁移影响而言,真菌>放线菌>细菌>无菌对照组;对于Mg2 的迁移影响而言,细菌>真菌>放线菌>无菌对照组;③一定范围内温度增加对Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的迁移有不同程度的促进作用;④土柱淋出液中CA平均活性与Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的总淋失量之间存在一定的正相关关系,说明CA对这3种元素的迁移具有一定的影响,且因不同元素而异。本研究结果对于评价不同类群微生物在生物岩溶及岩溶系统元素迁移中的作用和地位提供了一定的科学依据。     

耕作方式对滨海盐渍土有机碳含量及团聚体特性的影响

为探明不同耕作措施对滨海盐渍土耕层土壤有机碳含量和团聚体特征的影响,本研究在江苏省东台市滨海滩涂农田区开展田间试验,选择玉米-大麦的旱-旱轮作方式,采用传统翻耕、深翻、少耕和免耕4种耕作方式,分别对耕层土壤的有机碳含量、土壤体积质量(容重)、水稳性团聚体含量和稳定性进行测定。结果表明:与传统翻耕相比,免耕措施利于促进土壤有机碳的积累,免耕能使土壤有机碳含量增加18%~32%;少、免耕措施能使0~10 cm土层0.25 mm团聚体增加10%~31%,并且能显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径值;团聚体中有机碳含量表现为,除0.25~0.5 mm团聚体外,在5 mm至0.5~1 mm粒径之间,粒径愈小,有机碳含量愈高。     

基于多通道数据流在线相关分析及聚类的闸站工程安全监测

闸站工程自动安全监测可积累大量高质量监测数据,然而对这些数据的在线自动分析手段较为有限。该文提出一种针对多通道实时监测数据流的在线相关分析与聚类方法,以挖掘多个感兴趣测点通道数据流之间的联系。该方法能够在线快速计算数据流的统计特征,在计算数据流之间相关性度量的基础上,对多数据流进行自动聚类。以泰州高港闸站工程安全监测系统为例,针对扬压力、伸缩缝、温度等多类型共65个通道数据流进行在线相关分析与聚类,一次特征计算、分析与聚类总时长低于1 s,满足在线处理的实时性要求。该文提出的方法能够判断闸站工程渗压情况、伸缩缝与温度变化特性等,可有效发现潜在的工程安全问题或传感器故障。     

1980－2005年太湖地区土地利用变化及驱动因素分析

为了定量化研究土地利用变化特征及其驱动因素,该文应用遥感和GIS技术,分析江苏省环太湖地区1980-1990年、1990-2000年、2000-2005年3个不同时段土地利用的数量变化特征及土地利用类型的空间转换特征,并对研究区各时段土地利用变化的驱动因素进行探讨。结果表明:25a江苏省环太湖地区土地利用类型发生了复杂变化,3个不同时段土地利用变化特征各不相同且具有明显的区域差异性;区域土地利用程度持续增加,土地利用仍处于发展期;从土地利用类型转移变化看,建设用地转入的速度远大于转出的速度,有规模增加的趋势,而水田、旱地、林地的转入速度小于转出速度,存在规模减少的趋势。人口数量的增加、工业化、城市化带来的经济发展与土地管理政策等人类活动是江苏省环太湖地区土地利用类型转换的主要驱动因素。尽管近年来江苏省环太湖地区的土地开发利用取得了巨大的经济收益,但部分人类经济活动给区域农业的发展及土地资源的可持续利用带来巨大压力,甚至导致以水田为主的区域耕地资源质量的进一步退化。该研究为江苏省环太湖地区土地资源的可持续利用及人-地关系的协调发展提供科学依据。     

MAGPIE: A modelling framework for evaluating nitrate losses at national and catchment scales

Abstract. A national agri-environmental database and nitrate modelling system has been developed to support the UK government's nitrate policy development. The framework, 'MAGPIE', consists of a database and models linked within a Geographical Information System and provides a user interface which allows detailed spatial and statistical investigation of the current state (data and model output) and the impact of changes in conditions or agricultural practice. Data on crops and livestock numbers taken from the annual agricultural census were modified in relation to land cover data derived from remote sensing, and other sources. These data and data on climate, soils and altitude were interpolated to a 1 km grid. The models of nitrate loss were adapted to work with this data set while retaining as far as possible the salient features of the more detailed models and data from which they were derived. The resulting Policy Decision Support System was found to give estimates of mean annual flow and nitrate load for agricultural catchments which matched measured data closely. The system has contributed to work on a number of policy issues both within the UK and in the UK's contribution to international policy development on pollution derived from agriculture.