优选法在农业科学试验中的应用

利用数学原理.通过实例介绍了黄金分割优选法和菲波那契优选法在农业科学试验中的合理应用,减少了试验的次数,提高了工作效率.     

Residency and movement of stream-dwelling Japanese charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis, in a central Japanese mountain stream

Abstract – The residency and movement of stream-dwelling adult (2+ and older) Japanese charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis , were studied by mark and recapture experiments in the Jadani Stream, a headwater tributary of the Tedori River, central Japan, from 1986 to 1989. Of the marked fish, 31.3–58.3% were recaptured in the same pools where they had been caught during the study periods of summer (June–August), autumn (August–November) and winter–spring (November to the next June) and no seasonal movement was observed. The mean distances that the fish moved during the study periods ranged from 139.0 to 502.3 m and many movements longer than 1000 m were observed. Between the resident and the moved fish, there was little difference in body length, growth rate or sex. For the fish that had been resident in the same pools and riffles at previous recaptures, most fish were recaptures in the same locations at the next recapture. Conversely, for the fish that moved previously, most fish were recaptured in different locations from previous sites at the next recapture. These results suggest that Japanese charr exhibit relatively high residency throughout the year, but many fish moved longer distance. The results also suggest the presence of static and mobile components in the charr population.     

A database management system for information retrieval and documentation of experiments for plant breeders

Summary An existing database system for seed collections has been augmented by programs providing plans for field experiments, record sheets and adhesive labels for seed packets. Information on accession names and parentage is picked up from the database. At the end of the season information on material seleeted in the trials is automatically added to the database.     

基于全球导航卫星系统的智能化精细平地系统优化与试验

农田土地精细平整是中国现代地面精细灌溉的重要基础,能提高农田灌溉均匀度,改良土壤水盐分布,控制杂草,达到节水增产的效果。应用GNSS(global navigation satellite system,全球导航卫星系统)技术进行土地精细平整具有不受天气影响、测量速度快、工作效率高等优点,具有广泛应用前景。该文结合中国土地平整的实际情况和前期的研究成果,开发了适合国内应用的GNSS控制平地系统,降低了研发的设备成本,优化完善了平地系统的功能。为减少分立设备数量,提高系统集成度,设计了集成控制终端,集成GNSS接收模块、差分电台模块、核心处理平台和阀控制模块,并设计了集成控制终端的外壳,通过可旋转调整支架固定在拖拉机驾驶室内,具有良好的防尘、降温和牢固等优点;为完善地形测量功能,增加了测量轨迹的实时显示,以及农田面积等地势信息的计算,便于指导后续平整作业;优化了基准设计,建立了坡面平整的数学模型,实现了任意坡度坡面平整。优化后的系统主要由集成控制终端、自主差分GNSS接收设备、液压系统以及平地铲运设备几部分构成;以Visual Studio2008为系统软件开发环境,GNSS精细平整集成软件能够实现农田地势测量、基准设计及平整作业等功能。该智能平地系统在中国农业大学上庄试验站进行了长时间平整实验,平面平整后最大高程差从20.9降到10.5 cm,高程标准差从10.6降到5.5 cm,平地误差小于5 cm的测点累积百分比从77%上升到90%左右,平整效果良好。坡面平整的坡度从0.239%降到0.120%,符合设计要求。结果表明,系统工作稳定可靠,作业精度满足土地精细平整要求,适用于在中国推广应用。     

螺旋排肥器排肥口参数对排肥性能影响的试验研究

针对螺旋排肥器在物料输送过程中排肥口物料流量随时间波动变化造成排肥均匀性降低的问题,该研究采用离散元仿真和台架试验相结合的方法,以排肥均匀性变异系数为评价指标,在螺旋转速30r/min下,研究了排肥口长度和排肥口角度对排肥均匀性的影响,通过正交试验分析了单个螺旋转动周期内的排肥特性。试验结果表明:影响螺旋排肥器排肥性能的主次因素分别为排肥口长度、排肥口角度,两者对螺旋排肥器的排肥稳定性和均匀性有非常显著的影响,在排肥口角度为135°、排肥口长度为60mm的组合下取得较优排肥效果,该组合下仿真试验的排肥均匀性变异系数为4.98%,台架验证试验的排肥均匀性变异系数为5.41%,仿真试验和台架试验结果吻合度较好。该研究可为螺旋式排肥器的设计与优化提供参考和理论依据。     

梳齿起膜气力脱膜式耕层残膜回收机研制

为了解决耕层残膜污染问题，该研究设计了一种梳齿起膜气力脱膜式耕层残膜回收机。该机主要由机架、梳齿、梳齿辊、重力沉降室、离心风机组成。梳齿辊是该回收机的核心机构，其辊筒上布置有多排梳齿，通过梳齿辊的旋转实现松土和残膜-土壤分离；利用EDEM离散元软件建立梳齿辊模型，仿真研究了梳齿排列方式和梳齿结构对梳齿辊入土过程中前进阻力和阻力矩的影响，确定了齿刀螺旋排列方式。吸膜机构的作用是实现残膜的连续回收及膜土分离。建立了残膜在吸膜区的运动学方程，通过对方程分析求解，探明了梳齿辊转速和吸膜口风速对残膜运动轨迹的影响，确定梳齿辊转速应小于120 r/min，吸膜口风速应大于15 m/s。为了获得回收机的最佳作业参数组合，进行了土槽响应曲面优化试验，得出最佳参数组合：吸膜口与竖直面之间的角度为-7°、机具前进速度为2 km/h、梳齿辊转速为100 r/min、吸膜口风速为22 m/s。田间试验结果表明：最佳参数组合作业时，残膜拾净率为55.04%，比预测值小1.63%，优化方法可靠。     

Use of poultry manure and plant cultivation for the reclamation of burnt soils

Annual (Pisum sativum L. and Vicia sativa L.) and perennial (Trifolium repens L. and Lotus corniculatus L.) leguminous species were grown in pots containing samples from the ash layers of two Cambisols under Pinus sylvestris L., which has been affected by high-intensity wildfires 3 and 15 days before the sampling. The gramineous Lolium perenne L. was cultivated as a second plant after Trifolium and Lotus harvesting. Three treatments were compared: soils without fertilization and soils fertilized with two doses of poultry manure (1 and 2 g total N kg^-1 dry soil). The aim of the work was to study the capacity of the ash layer to sustain vegetation and the influence of plants and organic manure on the recovery of vegetation cover, ash layer fixation and soil structure formation to avoid erosion. The ash samples were able to sustain vegetation without fertilization. The organic manure increased the yields of all the plants tested, the lower dose being the optimal for the first crop whereas the higher dose was beneficial for the second crop. The annual legumes grew very quickly. The mixture of Trifolium and Lotus seemed very suitable for reclamation of soil degraded by wildfires because Trifolium produced more phytomass than Lotus in the first growing stages whereas the development of Lotus was higher in the later growing stages. Ash layer conditions did not inhibit nodulation, which was, however, stimulated by the organic manure, particularly in the case of Lotus. Lolium after perennial legumes was the best plant combination because it produced the highest phytomass, particularly root phytomass, and thus improved vegetation cover and ash layer fixation. All the plants tested improved the formation of soil aggregates, particularly the combination of perennial legumes and Lolium. However, wet aggregate stability was higher when plants were grown on soils fertilized with poultry manure than when plants were cropped on unmanured soils, which points to the favourable influence of the organic manure on soil aggregation.     

开放性实验在食品安全与卫生教学中的尝试

为了有效提高食品安全与卫生学的实验水平,使学生巩固理论课的基本知识,进行了食品安全与卫生学开放性实验教学的实践和探索。通过开放性实验教学改革提高了学生的实验技能,培养了学生学习专业课的兴趣,增强了学生的团队精神和创新精神。     

食品专业生物化学课程实验报告分析

对食品专业生物化学课程实验报告的构成进行了分析,了解课程实验报告中分数、人数、性别、班别、分数段各项组成的变化情况,查找学生在实验中普遍存在的问题,为改进课程实验考核方式提供科学依据。     

酒精发酵饲料对延边黄牛产肉性能的影响

探讨了酒精发酵饲料对延边黄牛体尺、体重、血液组成及生产性能的影响。试验结果表明:(1)试验组的体高、体长、胸宽、胸围、坐骨宽、髋宽、尻长的增长量均高于对照组,其中体高、坐骨宽、尻长、胸围差异极显著(P<0.01)。体长、髋宽、管围差异显著(P<0.05);(2)试验组与对照组的日增重分别为0.98 kg和0.77 kg,差异极显著(P<0.01);(3)血液指标中,试验组的血钙、无机磷、葡萄糖含量均高于对照组,其中无机磷、葡萄糖差异极显著(P<0.01),血钙差异显著(P<0.05),尿素含量低于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),其余各血液指标均差异不显著;(4)屠宰试验结果表明试验组和对照组的屠宰率分别为57.24％和52.84％,净肉率为45.62％和40.94％,差异显著(P<0.05),眼肌面积为85.64 cm2和80.02 cm2,差异极显著(P<0.01)。