Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: From empirical to numerical modeling approaches

Different methods have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration from remote sensing data, from empirical approaches such as the simplified relationship to complex methods based on remote sensing data assimilation along with SVAT models. The simplified relationship has been applied from small spatial scale using airborne TIR images to continental scale with NOAA data. Assimilation procedures often require remote sensing data over different spectral domains to retrieve input parameters which characterize surface properties such as albedo, emissivity or Leaf Area Index. A brief review of these different approaches is presented, with a discussion about the main physical bases and assumptions of various models. The paper reports also some examples and results obtained over the experimental area of the Alpilles Reseda project, where various types of models have been applied to estimate surface fluxes from remote sensing data.     

水工弧形闸门流激振动的改进简化力学模型

对弧形闸门危害性的流激振动进行振动控制，其中前提之一是对闸门模型做适当的简化。利用三维有限元方法计算的结构动力特性与简化结构动力特性相等的原则修正弧形闸门简化力学模型，并确定了等效的弧形闸门三维简化结构模型和系统参数。分析和计算表明，建立的简化三维力学模型较好地反映了弧形闸门结构的动力特性和随机脉动压力下的振动反应，可用于安装阻尼器的弧形闸门的智能控制设计。     

装配式地下粮仓钢板-混凝土组合仓壁轴压受力性能分析

为了研究装配式地下粮仓钢板-混凝土组合仓壁的轴压力学性能,该研究在仓壁试件轴压试验的基础上,对仓壁试件进行非线性有限元分析,模拟试件加载的全过程,进一步分析试件及其组件在加载过程中的受力性能及工作机理,并对钢板强度、混凝土强度、距厚比等不同的参数影响规律进行了分析.结果表明:有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,在最大试验...     

菜豆根瘤菌Rhizobium etli CFN42全基因组含信号肽分泌蛋白的鉴定与分析

利用菜豆根瘤菌Rhizobium etli CFN42全基因组测序结果,结合计算机技术和生物信息学分析方法,对菜豆根瘤菌蛋白质组中的分泌蛋白进行预测和分析,以便更深入地了解共生固氮的分子机制。经过分析发现,在该根瘤菌5 963个蛋白质中,具有信号肽的分泌蛋白332个,占总数的5.4%主要涉及底物转运、物质代谢和信号转导等方面。在有功能描述的186个分泌蛋白中,识别了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型分泌系统和丝氨酸蛋白酶,这些蛋白质可能参与了根瘤菌对宿主植物的侵染,是两者分子对话的关键参与者;在假定蛋白中,通过结构域分析,发现了SH3b、BA14K和EFh结构域,含有这些结构域的分泌蛋白可能参与了根瘤信号转导途径。在根瘤菌共生结瘤过程中,分泌蛋白发挥了重要作用。     

基于修正简易模型的陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨侵蚀力分布特征

降雨侵蚀力经典模型计算结果准确,但计算过程繁琐、数据量大且难获取;简易模型计算便捷,但结果不够准确.本文分析了8种黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨侵蚀力模型的差异,并对简易模型进行修正.以经典模型为基准值,对与经典模型结果最为接近的简易模型进行修正,基于修正后的简易模型分析黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征.在此过程中用到的方法主要是数理统计法和模型差异分析方法.经典模型更能准确估算陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区降雨侵蚀力;拟合模型y=0.849x-29.651可以提高章文波降雨侵蚀力简易模型的模拟精度(拟合优度0.734);陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区2006-2012年间降雨侵蚀力总体呈现上升趋势;汾川河流域、清涧河流域上游降雨侵蚀力较高,下游次之;延河流域、大理河流域下游降雨侵蚀力较高,上游次之.降雨侵蚀力简易算法经修正后可以较好的估算黄土丘陵沟壑区的降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征,陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区2006-2012年间降雨侵蚀力时空分布不均,降雨侵蚀力整体较高.     

大白菜InDels标记开发及其在剩余杂合体鉴定中的应用

大白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)参考基因组序列的公布及测序成本的降低为大规模开发插入/缺失(Insertion/Deletion,InDel)标记提供了可能.本研究以性状差异明显的大白菜自交系He102与06-247为亲本,开展了全基因组重测序、标记开发和验证工作.二者测序深度分别为10×和8×,经筛选共获得330 218个InDels差异位点,出现频率为1.2个/kb,其中有11 238个差异位点位于编码区,包括5 184个差异基因,每个基因平均包含2.2个差异位点.分别以He102与06-247测序数据中筛选出的多态性InDels位点为参照,从10条染色体上随机选择933个位点进行了PCR扩增及电泳检测验证.结果表明,测序深度对假阳性率有直接影响,以测序较深的材料中筛选到的差异位点为参照,其验证结果的假阳性率亦较高,反之则较低.本研究中以He102与06-247为参照选择InDels位点验证的平均假阳性率分别是51.9％和22.5％.从933个位点中共筛选出593个在亲本之间实际表现为多态性的位点,这些差异位点中有375个位于编码区,是潜在的功能性标记.利用上述差异位点,检测了He102与06-247衍生的F7代重组自交系群体,明确了F7代各株系在593个位点的纯/杂合状态,为利用剩余杂合株系精细解析和精准定位大白菜耐抽薹、抗病毒、抗干烧心等重要农艺性状奠定了基础.     

水稻基因组中分泌蛋白的初步分析

本文利用Signa1P3．0两种算法NN（neural network）和HMM（hidden markov model）对水稻基因组中59712个ORF进行了初步的筛选,其中有4433个ORF编码的蛋白具有分泌特性,占整个基因组的7．3％。4433个具有分泌特性的蛋白,在染色体的分布是不均一的。在1号染色体的所占的比例最多,为8．8％;而12号染色体上所占的比例最少,为5．0％。其中在具有分泌特性的蛋白中,酶类、非酶类和推测蛋白分别占具有分泌型信号肽蛋白的24．9％、45．7％和29．5％。     

Recent advances in molecular genetics of forest trees

The use of molecular markers has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genome structure of forest trees. Conifers, in particular, have a relatively large genome, containing a very high proportion of repeated DNA, consisting of tandemly repetitive and dispersed repetitive DNA sequences. The nature of highly conserved tandemly repetitive rRNA genes has been investigated in a number of tree species, and their sites mapped on specific chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Different families of retrotransposons (IFG, and TPE1) have been isolated and characterized from the dispersed repetitive DNA of pines. Genome maps have been constructed in a number of forest tree genera: Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Cryptomeria, Taxus, Populus, and Eucalyptus. EST databases have been established from cDNA clones of pines and poplars. The structure and maternal or paternal modes of inheritance of organelle genomes have been investigated in forest trees. Comparative mapping in conifers has shown that gene families are conserved across genera. Due to lack of polyploidy in conifers, the evolution of this group of trees may have occurred primarily by duplication and dispersal of genes, probably by retrotranspositions, to form complex gene families. The evolution of angiosperm tree species has presumably involved both gene duplication as well as genome duplication (polyploidy). Application of genetic engineering has shown that genes from phylogenetically unrelated organisms can be introduced and expressed in trees, thus offering prospects of genetic improvement of forest trees. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ecology,physiology and genetics of a phycodnavirus infecting the noxious bloom-forming raphidophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterosigma akashiwo</Emphasis>

Abstract:   Heterosigma akashiwo virus (HaV) is a large icosahedral virus (∼0.2 μm) harboring a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome (∼294 kbp). The virus is the only member of the genus Raphidovirus in the family Phycodnaviridae. Since its first discovery, a number of ecologic, physiologic and genetic studies about HaV have been conducted; especially, the relationship between H. akashiwo and HaV in nature was studied and viral infection is now regarded as a significant factor influencing the dynamics and termination of H. akashiwo blooms. HaV infection has considerable impacts on H. akashiwo populations in both aspects of fluctuation in biomass (quantity) and changes in clonal composition (quality). Partial sequencing of the HaV genome revealed that a number of genes showed considerable similarity to those of other protist-infecting viruses; still, the phylogenetic position of HaV suggested a number of enigmas in host–virus coevolution. Here are summarized the ecology, physiology and genetics of HaV especially from the viewpoint of the host–virus relationship.