温度底物浓度和微量元素对牛粪厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

洱海流域畜禽奶牛粪便的无序堆置和不合理处置对洱海入湖污染具有较大贡献,为了控制畜禽养殖污染,该研究在结合洱海流域现有中温沼气工程产气率低、运行不稳定、易结壳等问题的基础上,通过取样当地奶牛粪为原料,研究温度、接种量和微量元素等3种因素对中温厌氧发酵产沼气过程的影响,并运用响应面法优化微量元素的添加量,以筛选出适于高原地区奶牛粪便中温厌氧发酵的沼气工程操作参数。试验结果表明:发酵温度为35℃条件下原料产气量大于30和45℃;35℃的发酵温度有利于挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fat acids,VFA)的产生与甲烷菌再利用;发酵温度为35℃时,发酵各个阶段4类菌群的数量多于30和45℃;因此,发酵温度为35℃时,牛粪厌氧发酵系统微生物区系中各类功能微生物数量与比例最佳,适合于中温厌氧发酵微生物菌群的生长、代谢;接种量越大发酵启动越快,接种量10%总产气量最大,未接种试验组,发酵启动较慢,总产气量也较低;通过中心复合试验设计和响应曲面回归分析确定得出,添加微量元素Fe2+质量浓度5.00 mg/L、Ni2+质量浓度21.40μg/L、Co2+质量浓度28.82μg/L时,可刺激厌氧发酵过程的作用酶以促进产气。本研究在资源化利用养殖废物的同时,提高了沼气工程产气率,试验结果为洱海流域农村养殖粪便厌氧发酵沼气工程正常运行提供理论依据。     

不同营养水平全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂利杂牛育肥效果分析

[方法]研究采用全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂方式,对利木赞牛与本地黄牛杂交改良后代F1进行低、中、高3个不同营养水平（15～18月龄,分别编为试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组）的日粮配方筛选试验,基础日粮为全株玉米青贮+玉米芯+苜蓿干草+肉牛精料补充料,试验期100 d。[结果]研究结果表明,从平均期末体重、期内总增重及日增重指标来看,试验Ⅲ组（高营养水平）平均日增重达（1.63±0.33） ㎏,高于Ⅰ组（1.58±0.29） kg和Ⅱ组（1.61±0.30） kg,按平均期末体重、期内总增重和日增重排序,为试验Ⅲ组（高营养水平）>Ⅱ组（中营养水平）＞Ⅰ组（低营养水平）,试验结果的趋势表明,同品种组合杂种肉牛不同营养水平,其育肥增重效果不同。但组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,可能与标本量不足有关。在经济效益方面,随着精补料/增重比重的增加,相应试验组肉牛的产出增加,但同时也增加了养殖成本,从试验组的头均纯收益、新增投入占产出比以及总投入占产出比3个方面进行从低到高的排序为Ⅲ组（高营养水平）＜Ⅱ组（中营养水平）＜Ⅰ组（低营养水平）。[结论]试验结果表明,此结果与其平均日增重和日料的营养水平是相吻合的。因此,为了节本增效,应充分利用宁夏地区的优势杂交肉牛组合,同时辅以标准化的、能够充分利用当地饲草优势的、多元化的、科学的日粮配方。     

牛印记基因的研究进展

基因组印记是一种表观调控机制,在哺乳动物的发育中具有重要作用。印记基因是仅一方亲本来源的同源基因表达,而来自另一亲本不表达的一种基因。近年来,印记基因被广泛研究。印记基因分为父系印记基因和母系印记基因,其表达具有组织特异性,而且在胚胎不同发育阶段的表达也具有一定差异,胚胎期的营养水平也影响印记基因的表达。DNA甲基化在调控印记基因的表达中起重要作用,影响细胞核移植过程细胞的表观重编程,并影响胎盘及内脏器官的正常发育;基因印记模式的改变也可以引起甲基化的改变进而导致基因印记的丢失等。本文综述了近年来关于牛的印记基因的研究进展情况,为印记基因的后续相关研究工作提供借鉴。     

Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide on the integrity of the rumen epithelium: An agent in the development of ruminal acidosis

The carbon dioxide released and dissolved in rumen fluid may easily permeate across the epithelial cell membrane. Thus, we hypothesized that CO₂ may act as proton carrier and induce epithelial damage under acidotic conditions. Ovine ruminal epithelia were mounted in Ussing chambers under short‐circuit conditions. The serosal buffer solution had a constant pH of 7.4 and was gassed either with 100% oxygen or with carbogen (95% O₂/5% CO₂). The mucosal solution was gassed with either 100% oxygen or 100% carbon dioxide. The mucosal pH was lowered stepwise from 6.6 to 5.0 in the presence or absence of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). The transepithelial conductance (G_t) as an indicator of epithelial integrity and the short‐circuit current (I_sc) as an indicator of active electrogenic ion transfer were continuously monitored. At an initial mucosal pH of 6.6, there was no significant difference in G_t between the treatment groups. In the absence of both SCFA and CO₂, G_t remained constant when the mucosal solution was acidified to pH 5.0. In the presence of SCFA, mucosal acidification induced a significant rise in G_t when the solutions were gassed with oxygen. A small increase in G_t was observed in the mucosal presence of CO₂. However, no difference in final G_t was observed between SCFA‐containing and SCFA‐free conditions under carbon dioxide gassing during stepwise mucosal acidification. The SCFA+proton‐induced increase in G_t could also be minimized by serosal gassing with carbogen. Because of the SCFA+proton‐induced changes in G_t and their attenuation by CO₂, a protective role for mucosally available carbon dioxide may be assumed. We suggest that this effect may be due to the intraepithelial conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. However, the serosal presence of CO₂ at a physiological concentration may be sufficient to protect the epithelia from SCFA+proton‐induced damage for a certain period of time.     

新疆某肉牛养殖场不同架子牛育肥模式的经济效益分析

本研究通过对新疆某肉牛养殖场架子牛育肥经济效益的调研分析,旨在为新疆肉牛养殖从业者选择架子牛育肥模式提供理论参考。购入高、低初始重的新疆褐牛与本地土牛杂交架子牛各24头,分为高成本高初始重组(HH组)、低成本高初始重组(LH组)、高成本低初始重组(HL组)、低成本低初始重组(LL组),每组12头牛,育肥周期为7-9个月,每月称重并记录结果,并对数据进行分析。单因素方差分析结果显示,LL组末重极显著低于其它3组(P<0.01),HH组末重显著高于LH组和HL组(P＜0.05);育肥期平均日增重LL组显著低于其它3组(P＜0.05),HH组、LH组和HL组虽然差异不显著(P>0.05),但是HH组和HL组日增重大于LH组。经济效益分析结果显示,成本利润率HL组>HH组>LL组>LH组。相关性分析结果显示,成本利润率与平均日增重呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与日饲喂成本呈现显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。本研究发现,在架子牛育肥过程中,高饲喂成本投入可以获得更高的经济效益,选择低初始重的架子牛进行短期高营养水平育肥,比选择高初始重的架子牛育肥经济效益更好。     

Relationship of bite mass of cattle to sward structure of four temperate grasses in short‐term grazing sessions

The effect of sward structure of four temperate grass species on the bite mass of cattle was evaluated. Micro‐swards (79 cm × 47 cm; approximately the area of a feeding station) of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), quackgrass [Elymus repens (L.) Gould], meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv] and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) were offered to Holstein dairy cows in short‐term grazing sessions in 2006 and 2007 using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Cows were allowed to take fifty bites in each session. Bite mass was calculated by dividing the adjusted change in weight of the micro‐sward by the number of bites. Sward surface height, bulk density and distribution of herbage dry matter (DM) in the canopy were measured pre‐ and post‐grazing. Sward structure differed among the grass species within years but bite mass (on a fresh or DM basis) was not affected. Higher surface heights and bulk densities in 2006 compared with 2007 (averaged across grass species) resulted in greater bite masses of DM in 2006. Values were 25·7 cm vs. 17·0 cm for surface height; 1219 g m^?3 vs. 926 g m^?3 for bulk density; and 1·05 g DM bite^?1 vs. 0·50 g DM bite^?1 for 2006 and 2007 respectively. Within the context of this study, differences between years in bite mass, associated with greater changes in sward structure, were more important than differences among grass species.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛与鲁西黄牛线粒体DNA多态性和系统进化分析

为阐明中国荷斯坦奶牛和鲁西黄牛的线粒体DNA多态性及其起源关系.提取了2个品种牛外周血液中的线粒体DNA(mtDNA),用PCR方法将牛mtDNA全长分为4段进行扩增,并用NlaⅢ、HpaⅡ、BglⅡ等16种限制性内切酶进行酶解消化,分析2个品种牛mtDNA的多态性,最终经7种限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析,共归纳出4种主要的单倍型.通过对2个品种牛mtDNAD环全序列的聚类分析表明:鲁西黄牛和中国荷斯坦奶牛可能均为混合母系起源,源于欧洲普通牛和印度瘤牛.该研究结果对提高动物体外受精和体细胞核移植效率等生物技术平台有一定的理论指导意义.     

肉牛冬季舍饲日粮配方优化筛选试验

选择不同日粮类型肉牛养殖户14户,参试生长母牛48头,参照肉牛营养需要和饲养标准,设计不同饲粮组合类型及日粮配方.随机分为5个试验组和1个对照组,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组按规范化全株玉米青贮十氨化麦草等多元化日粮进行科学饲养,Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组(对照)按传统的"有啥喂啥"方法饲喂,同期进行饲养试验研究.结果表明,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组平均头日增重效果均比Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组(对照)有明显提高(P＜0.05,P≤0.01),显示了肉牛标准化科学饲养的优势效益.试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组饲粮组成类型及日粮配方为较理想的肉牛繁殖母牛日粮优化配方.     

鲁西黄牛成年母牛体重与体尺指标的相关回归分析

[目的]分析鲁西黄牛成年母牛体尺指标与体重的相关性,并进一步进行估测体重的回归分析,指导该品种牛的生产实际及选育工作。[方法]以山东省鲁西黄牛产区2006年测量的110条相关数据为基础,分析体重与体高、体长、胸围、管围的相关系数,构建估测鲁西黄牛成年母牛体重的回归模型。[结果]结果表明:体重与体高、体长、胸围、管围的相关系数分别为0.7510、.814、0.9090、.855;得到了2个估测体重的回归模型,估测值与实测值之间的相关程度分别为0.954和0.953,并根据2个模型用Visual Basic语言编写了鲁西黄牛体重计算程序。[结论]鲁西黄牛成年母牛体重与体高、体长、胸围、管围存在明显的线性关系。     

甘蓝短散布元件对转基因表达效果的研究*

 为检验甘蓝短散布元件（SINE）对植物转基因表达的影响,采用PCR方法,从甘蓝基因组中克隆了一段短散布元件序列（Short Interspersed Nuclear Element,SINE）,该SINE具有核基质结合区（matrix attachment region,MAR）的结构特征,将其构建到β-葡糖醛酸酶（β-glucuronidase,GUS）基因（uidA）的两侧翼,形成SINE调控的植物表达载体,采用农杆菌介导法,将含SINE序列和不含SINE序列的植物表达载体导入烟草中。对转基因植株进行GUS活性定量测定,结果表明,SINE表现出类似MAR的功能,可以提高外源uidA基因的表达水平,与不含SINE的转化植株相比,外源基因的平均表达水平提高了2倍,但转基因植株个体间表达水平存在较大的差异。