Genetic analysis of human and swine influenza A viruses isolated in Northern Italy during 2010–2015

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection in swine plays an important role in the ecology of influenza viruses. The emergence of new IAVs comes through different mechanisms, with the genetic reassortment of genes between influenza viruses, also originating from different species, being common. We performed a genetic analysis on 179 IAV isolates from humans (n. 75) and pigs (n. 104) collected in Northern Italy between 2010 and 2015, to monitor the genetic exchange between human and swine IAVs. No cases of human infection with swine strains were noticed, but direct infections of swine with H1N1pdm09 strains were detected. Moreover, we pointed out a continuous circulation of H1N1pdm09 strains in swine populations evidenced by the introduction of internal genes of this subtype. These events contribute to generating new viral variants—possibly endowed with pandemic potential—and emphasize the importance of continuous surveillance at both animal and human level.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒gD基因的研究进展

本文重点介绍伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)中最主要的免疫糖蛋白的编码基因gD基因,对其在PRV基因结构中的位置,病毒传播中所起的作用和人们利用其生物学特性在疫苗研究中取得的进展进行了比较详细的综述。     

快速灵敏的甘蔗线条花叶病毒免疫学检测体系的建立

 甘蔗花叶病广泛存在于我国甘蔗种植区,严重影响甘蔗产业的高质量发展。近年来甘蔗线条花叶病毒在蔗区肆虐,尽管针对其的血清学检测技术已经建立,但是快速、准确、高通量的检测方法亟待发掘。本研究制备了^SCSMVCP的抗血清,特异性高,与引起甘蔗花叶病的另两种病原 (高粱花叶病毒和甘蔗花叶病毒) 间没有血清学交叉反应。基于该多克隆抗体,建立了直接抗原包被的ELISA、斑点杂交、Western blot和基于多抗的免疫试纸条检测技术。开发的免疫试纸条检测技术能快速、准确、高通量应用于田间病毒鉴定。本文提供了基于血清学的快速、准确、高通量,且便捷的甘蔗线条花叶病毒检测技术,有助于我国蔗区甘蔗花叶病的监测与防控。     

人工感染鸭源新城疫病毒对绍鸭β-防御素和细胞因子基因表达的影响

试验旨在探讨人工感染鸭源新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）对绍鸭β-防御素（avian β-defensins,AvBDs）和细胞因子基因表达的影响。选用45只20日龄SPF绍鸭,随机分为攻毒组（27只）和对照组（18只）,攻毒组采用滴鼻点眼的途径（10^8.38 EID₅₀）接种鸭源NDV强毒株（Md/CH/LGD/1/2005）,对照组接种磷酸盐缓冲液。在攻毒后24和48 h,从对照组及攻毒组各随机取6只鸭屠宰,分别采集肾脏、肺脏、气管、腺胃、骨髓、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德氏腺、法氏囊9个组织,运用实时荧光定量PCR法检测组织样品中9种AvBDs和细胞因子的表达量;剩余鸭每天持续观察,每隔4 d采血1次,直至24 d,检测血清抗体水平;于攻毒后24、48、72和120 h采集咽喉及泄殖腔拭子,以确定排毒周期。结果表明,感染该NDV毒株后,鸭没有临床发病症状和死亡情况发生;感染后鸭排毒开始于攻毒后第1天,到第5天停止,在攻毒组咽喉及泄殖腔拭子中均检测到NDV。抗体水平检测结果显示,该NDV能够诱导鸭体内产生抗NDV特异抗体。实时荧光定量PCR结果发现,与对照组相比,感染后24 h,部分鸭组织中AvBD1、AvBD2、AvBD5、AvBD6、AvBD9和AvBD16表达量均显著升高（P<0.05）;感染后48 h,AvBD1和AvBD6在部分鸭组织中表达量均显著上调（P<0.05）;感染后48 h法氏囊中白细胞介素6（IL-6）和脾脏中干扰素γ（IFN-γ）的表达量明显低于感染后24 h的表达量。综上所述,该鸭源NDV毒株感染可诱导绍鸭体内在早期产生天然免疫反应,这些反应可能与病毒在机体内复制有关。     

牛疙瘩皮肤病病毒ORF132基因的克隆及其原核表达

为原核表达牛疙瘩皮肤病病毒(LDSV) ORF132并对该基因进行生物信息学分析,本研究采用PCR扩增LSDV的ORF132基因,将其亚克隆至pGEX-6p-1载体中,构建重组质粒pGEX-LSDV-ORF132.生物信息学分析表明,LSDV的ORF132与Neethling vaccine LW1959株LW132、NI-2490株LSDV132和NW-LW株LD132的相应推导氨基酸同源性分别为100％、100％和94.4％,与山羊痘病毒、绵羊痘病毒相应推导氨基酸的同源性为20.7 ％～36％.SDS-PAGE和western blot分析表明,pGEX-LSDV-ORF 132在大肠杆菌BL21中经IPTG诱导主要以包涵体形式存在,其重组蛋白大小约为48.95ku,并且与特异性抗体具有抗原反应活性.     

芜菁花叶病毒不同分离物3'-cDNA片段的克隆及序列分析

 从河北、北京、山东泰安和潍坊等地区的萝卜、大白菜、甘蓝、油菜上得到8个芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus,TuMV)分离物,测定了它们3'-末端cDNA片段的序列。根据衣壳蛋白基因(cp)核苷酸序列可以将这8个分离物与另外2个TuMV分离物分为3组:泰安旧镇大白菜(JZBC)、甘蓝(JZGL)和萝卜(JZLB)分离物为一组;北京(BJILB)、潍坊萝卜分离物(WFLB)与引起萝卜红心病的TuMV分离物(WFLB99)为一组;泰安范镇、河北、潍坊(WFLB04)萝卜和泰安旧镇油菜(JZYC)上的TuMV分离物为一组。农壳蛋白氨基酸序列比较结果与此基本一致,所不同的是分离物WFLB99与所有分离物的差异均较大,形成单独一个分支。有必要对TuMV的变异情况和致病机理进行深入研究。     

Anticipating the species jump: surveillance for emerging viral threats

Zoonotic disease surveillance is typically triggered after animal pathogens have already infected humans. Are there ways to identify high‐risk viruses before they emerge in humans? If so, then how and where can identifications be made and by what methods? These were the fundamental questions driving a workshop to examine the future of predictive surveillance for viruses that might jump from animals to infect humans. Virologists, ecologists and computational biologists from academia, federal government and non‐governmental organizations discussed opportunities as well as obstacles to the prediction of species jumps using genetic and ecological data from viruses and their hosts, vectors and reservoirs. This workshop marked an important first step towards envisioning both scientific and organizational frameworks for this future capability. Canine parvoviruses as well as seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses are discussed as exemplars that suggest what to look for in anticipating species jumps. To answer the question of where to look, prospects for discovering emerging viruses among wildlife, bats, rodents, arthropod vectors and occupationally exposed humans are discussed. Finally, opportunities and obstacles are identified and accompanied by suggestions for how to look for species jumps. Taken together, these findings constitute the beginnings of a conceptual framework for achieving a virus surveillance capability that could predict future species jumps.     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体传递DNA疫苗诱导对新城疫病毒的免疫保护

探讨了以减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏茵为栽体传递新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的安全性、免疫原性和可行性。将含新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA3-F的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ZJ111株(ZJ111／pcD-NA3一F菌株)，以10^8CFU进行首免，2周后二免，三免后4周攻击强毒株F48E9，观察其安全性和免疫原性，同时设只含空载体pcDNA3的ZJ111／pcDNA3菌株对照及口服PBS对照。结果表明：重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株具有良好的安全性。对强毒株攻击的保护率达64．7％。重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株不仅能诱导雏鸡产生NDVELISA抗体，而且诱导产生的法氏囊B淋巴细胞和胸腺T淋巴细胞增殖反应显著高于ZJ111／pcDNA3时照组。这些结果提示，减毒沙门氏菌为载体不仅可直接将NDVF基因呈递给鸡体细胞进行表达，产生抗NDV的体液免疫，而且还可诱导细胞免疫应答。     

链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜PRSV的防控效果

探究链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜环斑病毒病（papaya ringspot virus,PRSV）的防控效果,为番木瓜环斑花叶病防治提供基础。以台农二号番木瓜为材料,壳聚糖设3个浓度1.0g/L、0.5g/L、0.25g/L;30702菌液2个浓度0 cfu/L和4.2×10 6cfu/L,互相组合为6个处理,以清水处理为空白组,宁南霉素0.05 g/L为对照组,共8个处理;运用分光光度计法测量相关酶活。1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L链霉菌30702的防治效果为88.6（p＜0.05）,显著高于其他组;壳聚糖复合链霉菌30702组的防治效果、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性相较于单独使用壳聚糖组有显著提升。使用1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L的30702对番木瓜防控PRSV的效果最好,防治指数达到88.6%。