田间高效诱集二化螟雄蛾的性信息素诱芯的筛选

1浙江大学 昆虫科学研究所, 浙江 杭州 310058;2浙江省桐庐县农业技术推广中心, 浙江 桐庐 311500;3浙江省嘉兴市农业经济局, 浙江 嘉兴 314000;4温州医学院健康与环境生态研究所, 浙江 温州 325035;5中国科学院 华南植物研究所, 广东 广州 510650     

甜瓜雄全同株和雌雄异花同株的RAPD标记

以甜瓜雄全同株和雌雄异花同株近等基因系为试验材料,选用300条随机引物进行性型性状的RAPD标记.结果表明:S152号引物经多次重复均能扩增出清晰、稳定且有差异的DNA条带,在雄全同株的植株中能扩增出一条分子量约为550 bp的特异条带,标为S152550.在F2代分离群体中,根据特异标记在田间实际雄全同株与雌雄异花同...     

雌雄半滑舌鳎脑垂体基因表达差异研究

为研究半滑舌鳎雌雄个体大小和生长速度差异悬殊的分子机理,采集来自同一亲本、同一发育阶段的半滑舌鳎雄鱼和雌鱼脑垂体,分别与Affymetrix的斑马鱼基因芯片杂交,筛选差异表达基因。芯片杂交结果显示二者共有1 051个基因检测到明显的杂交信号,其中上调基因486个,下调基因561个。进一步比较雄鱼和雌鱼杂交信号的比值(Ratio值),有39个基因的Ratio值小于0.6或大于1.5,其中sh3gl1b、meis2.1、acta1、Noxa、slc25a5这5种上调基因和col1a2、klf7、acta2这3种下调基因可能与半滑舌鳎雌雄生长差异相关。这一结果为深入研究半滑舌鳎雌雄性别分化与生长调控机制提供了新思路。     

利用EPG技术分析西花蓟马在4种寄主植物上的取食行为

采用直流刺吸电位仪EPG(direct current electrical penetration graph, EPG)技术分析西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis雌雄虫在4种寄主植物上的取食行为,探讨西花蓟马雌雄虫取食行为差异及与寄主适合性的相关性。结果表明: (1)西花蓟马在辣椒上的非取食刺探次数显著少于其他寄主植物。雌虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为2311,3289,3610和3044次,雄虫在辣椒、番茄、曼陀罗和矮牵牛上的非取食刺探分别为1527,2772,2214和1968次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的短取食刺探显著高于番茄,雌虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为688和1444次,雄虫在番茄和矮牵牛上的短取食分别为159和809次。西花蓟马在矮牵牛上的长取食刺探次数少于在其他寄主植物。(2)雌虫比雄虫产生更多的非取食刺探和短取食刺探,雄虫的长取食刺探显著高于雌虫。在矮牵牛上,雌虫的非取食刺探次数和非取食刺探总时间为雄虫的15倍。在番茄上,雌虫的短取食次数和短取食总时间分别为雄虫的4倍和2倍;雄虫的长取食次数和长取食总时间分别为雌虫的2倍和7倍。由此可见,西花蓟马的取食行为与寄主适宜性之间无显著的相关性。     

A genetic analysis of meat compositions in Japanese Black cattle: Genetic parameters and sex influence

Meat composition in beef is related to eating quality and food functionality. Genetic parameters for several meat compositions including free amino acid, peptide and sugar, however, remain poorly described. In this study, we estimated genetic parameters for 51 meat components, including free amino acids, peptides, sugars and fatty acid compositions, and two carcase traits in 1,354 heifers and 1,797 steers of Japanese Black cattle. Heritability estimates were generally equivalent to or moderately greater than those in previous studies of this breed. Genetic correlations between free amino acids, peptides and sugars and carcase traits were often negative, suggesting a trade‐off between traits. Using two‐trait animal models that treat records from the two sexes as different traits, we estimated sex‐specific heritabilities and cross‐sex genetic correlations which indicate the sex differences in genetic architecture. In these analyses, 12 traits showed significant heritability differences between sexes and cross‐sex genetic correlations occasionally deviated from unity. These results could be used to inform future breeding schemes and investigations of the genetic architecture of meat compositions in beef.     

不同发育时期雄性鳗鲡精巢和GtH分泌细胞的结构观察及相关组织中性类固醇激素的变化

通过组织切片和电子显微镜观察经多次注射人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)和鲤鱼脑垂体匀浆液(carp pituitary extract,CPE)促熟的雄性鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)精巢和脑垂体超微结构的变化,并采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)联用的方法,观察性腺和血液中7种类固醇激素含量的变化。结果发现:成熟组鳗鲡精巢发育至第Ⅴ期,排精10 d时鳗鲡精巢进入退化吸收期。性成熟雄性鳗鲡的脑垂体GtH分泌细胞代谢活动旺盛,细胞中分泌小球增多,囊泡数量增加,线粒体和内质网丰富。鳗鲡精巢和血液中睾酮(testosterone,T)、17α,20β-二羟基-4-孕烯-3-酮(17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one,DHP)和17α-羟孕酮(17α-hydroxyprogesterone,17α-OHP)3种激素含量较高,且成熟的和排精10 d后雄鱼精巢和血液中T、DHP和17α-OHP的含量均显著高于对照组(P﹤0.05),排精10 d时雄鱼精巢和血液中17α-羟孕酮的含量显著低于成熟组鳗鲡精巢和血液中的含量(P﹤0.05);精巢和血液中未检出孕酮(progesterone,P)、雌酮(estrone,E1)、β-雌二醇(estradiol-17β,E2)和雌三醇(estriol,E3)4种激素。结果表明,睾酮、17α-羟孕酮和DHP是雄鱼成熟的关键类固醇激素,其含量在性成熟时达到峰值,排精10 d时含量降低,其含量受脑垂体GtH分泌的调控。     

白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉和嗅觉信息识别两性

[目的]探究视觉和嗅觉信息在白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶识别异性中扮演的作用,从而加深对性二型蝶类两性交流机制的认识。[方法]在网室内分别悬挂白带锯蛱蝶雄蝶和雌蝶的真实翅模型、打印的翅模型和活蝴蝶模型,记录雌蝶对以上模型的访问次数。[结果]表明:仅有视觉或嗅觉信号存在时,雌蝶对雄蝶模型访问次数均大于雌模型。雌蝶对雌雄翅和纸模型访问平均次数均有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠视觉信息能够辨别雌雄。雌蝶对雌雄嗅觉模型访问平均次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠嗅觉信息能够辨别雌雄。视觉和嗅觉信息均存在时,雌蝶对正常雄蝶访问平均次数多于雄蝶视觉和嗅觉模型,且对3种雄蝶的平均访问次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶识别雄蝶时偏好2种信息的综合作用。[结论]白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉或嗅觉信息均能识别雌雄两性,雌蝶在识别两性时较偏爱同时有视觉和嗅觉信息的雄蝶。     

Effects of selective cutting and herbicide use in spring barley on seed production of Cirsium arvense

A field experiment was performed in Sweden to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment and selective cutting on the seed production of Cirsium arvense. Four treatments (control (C), selective cutting (S), early (H1) and late (H2) herbicide application) were laid out in a randomized block experiment. The field was sown with spring barley and contained a natural population of the weed. Treatments were first applied 2015 and repeated 2016. Changes in the number of seeds per flower receptacle and average seed weight were measured over time in 2016 from the onset of seed production until crop harvest. At harvest, number of shoots per area and cumulative numbers of flower receptacles, which had shed mature seeds over the season, were counted. These data were used to assess total seed production over the season. Treatment H2 led to a significantly decreased number of seeds per receptacle (49) compared to S (59), H1 (64) and C (67). Over time and treatment, number of seeds per flower receptacle was lowest in the second week (47) and increased over the third week to 69 in week four. Average weight per seed was about constant over time (0.91?mg) while H1 and S (0.63 and 0.78?mg, respectively) had lower seed weights compared to H2 and C (1.04 and 1.19?mg, respectively). Total seed production over the season in terms of number of seeds per square meter was greatly reduced by all treatments (5–20 seeds m^?2, or 3–14?mg?m^?2) compared to the control (6600 seeds m^?2, or 7800?mg?m^?2). We conclude that seed production of C. arvense is inhibited a thousand-fold and equally well by selective cutting as by early or late herbicide treatments.     

中国林蛙胚胎发育的研究进展

对中国林蛙胚胎发育时期的划分、胚胎期的性腺发育和性别分化、胚胎发育的温度效应等研究进行了综述。根据形态特征和生理功能,中国林蛙早期胚胎发育划分为25个时期。中国林蛙在胚胎发育到24期以前性腺并没有分化,在24期以后其原生殖细胞向雌性和雄性2个方向分化。胚胎在7～22℃温度范围内均能正常发育,在15～25℃范围内,温度越高,雄性比例越大。     

影响白背飞虱翅型分化的相关因子

为探讨水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horvth翅型分化机制,以其长翅型、短翅型的遗传纯系为材料,在不同梯度的温度、光周期、若虫密度、不同寄主植物、水稻生育期、双亲翅型和植株营养条件下比较白背飞虱的翅型分化状况。结果显示,短日照有利于白背飞虱短翅型雄虫的发生;白背飞虱若虫密度≥15头/管时,短翅型分化率仅在16.9%以下;寄主营养决定了翅型分化的方向,寄主植物的总蛋白质含量与白背飞虱短翅型的分化率呈正相关;水稻拔节期最有利于白背飞虱短翅型的发生,分化率为45.2%,而灌浆期有利于其长翅型的发生;该虫F1代的翅型表型与亲本的遗传密切相关,父本和母本均为短翅型时,F1代短翅型分化率可达47.7%。无论在什么情况下白背飞虱长翅型的分化率始终高于短翅型,尤其是短翅型雄虫的分化率非常低。因此,白背飞虱长、短翅型的分化既由基因控制,又受外界环境因子的影响。