High genotype diversity and lack of isolation by distance in the Alternaria solani populations from China

A genomic library was used to develop seven SSR markers for studying the population genetics of Alternaria solani, a pathogenic fungus causing early blight disease of potato and tomato worldwide. Population genetic analysis of 268 isolates of A. solani sampled from four locations, each representing one of four potato production systems in China, indicates that these SSR markers are moderately diverse, selectively neutral and possibly unlinked. Population genetic analysis also indicated that genetic variation of A. solani in China is high. About 2/3 of 123 genotypes were detected only once and genotype diversity measured by the standardized Shannon index ranged between 0·82 and 0·92 in the populations. Although clones were detected in multiple populations separated by thousands of kilometres, random association among SSR loci was found in half of the populations assayed. On average, nearly six copies of genetic material were exchanged among these populations each generation and no isolation by distance was detected. It is hypothesized that the joint effects of cryptic sexual reproduction and human‐mediated gene flow may account for the observed population genetic structure of A. solani in China.     

The full life cycle of Leptosphaeria maculans completed on inoculated oilseed rape incubated under controlled conditions

Because epidemics of successive cropping seasons are not independent, epidemiological studies need to encompass the processes occurring during the transmission of epidemics from one season to the next. With Leptosphaeria maculans, infected stubble allows carry‐over of the fungus. Generation experiments using recurrent selection on field plots are a useful means of comparing the effects of selection pressures. However, the full life cycle of the fungus, from plant infection to the next generation of ascospores, has not yet been achieved under controlled conditions. Studies were undertaken to achieve an experimental set‐up with sexual reproduction under controlled conditions. Cankered oilseed rape stems were produced under controlled conditions, after inoculation with a mixture of 12 isolates across both mating types. Stems were cut longitudinally and attached to styropore plates. Stem halves were incubated outside or in climate chambers regularly soaked in tap water to ensure maturation. Incubation was stopped when mature pseudothecia were observed. In all three independent experiments, more stem halves had pseudothecia when incubated under controlled conditions (30–100%) than incubated outside (0–80%). To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study achieving the full life cycle of the fungus under controlled conditions, from infection of the plant to mature pseudothecia. This opens up the prospect of running experiments year‐round to better understand inoculum production, to compare fungal fitness, or to run generation experiments with exotic pathogen populations.     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落有性更新的微生境特征

在毛乌素沙地天然臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)群落内,按群落外貌特征设置5类样地,分别定义为乌柳灌丛林地(A)、乌柳+臭柏灌丛林地(B)、臭柏+乌柳灌丛林地(C)、臭柏灌丛林地(D)和乌柳被伐区(E),采用样方调查法对其有性更新微生境特征进行了调查。结果表明:臭柏幼苗的空间分布为非均匀式,幼苗多出现在乌柳灌林地下,并且呈现愈靠近树干基部幼苗数量愈多的空间格局。5类样地中共出现67种植物,并呈现从A样地向D样地植物种数量逐渐下降的趋势。A类立地内植物种类数最多,达到50种,其中喜湿的植物占2.7%,而D类立地最少,并且喜湿的植物退出,旱生植物占到50%。从A样方到D样方长达1.5 km的样带上,乌柳的株数依次减少,并在D样地完全消失。臭柏有性更新幼苗数从A样方的17.4株/m2下降到D样方的0株/m2。环境变量的测定表明,地表温度、光照强度和土壤表层含水量是影响臭柏天然更新的主要环境因子。E样地内的光照强度明显增强,臭柏有性更新幼苗株数从采伐前的17.4株/m2急剧下降到0.2株/m2,并且从采伐后每年没有新的更新幼苗出现。A样地与其它样地相比具有光照强度、气温和地温低,空气相对湿度、表土含水量、浅层地下水位高的特征,是臭柏有性更新最适宜的微生境。保护毛乌素沙地天然乌柳灌丛地是维持天然臭柏种群稳定,促进其恢复的重要措施。     

Comparative epidemiology of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) ascospores and conidia from Polish and UK populations

Despite differences in climate and in timing of light leaf spot epidemics between Poland and the UK, experiments provided no evidence that there are epidemiological differences between populations of Pyrenopeziza brassicae in the two countries. Ascospores of Polish or UK P. brassicae isolates germinated on water agar at temperatures from 8 to 24°C. After 12 h of incubation, percentages of ascospores that germinated were greatest at 16°C: 85% (Polish isolates) and 86% (UK isolates). The percentage germination reached 100% after 80 h of incubation at all temperatures tested. The rate of increase in germ tube length increased with increasing temperature from 8 to 20°C but decreased from 20 to 24°C, for both Polish and UK isolates. Percentage germination and germ tube lengths of UK P. brassicae ascospores were less affected by temperature than those of conidia. P. brassicae produced conidia on oilseed rape leaves inoculated with ascospores or conidia of Polish or UK isolates at 16°C with leaf wetness durations from 6 to 72 h, with most sporulation after 48 or 72 h wetness. Detection of both mating types of P. brassicae and production of mature apothecia on leaves inoculated with mixed Polish populations suggest that sexual reproduction does occur in Poland, as in the UK.     

喙尾琵琶甲雌雄形态特征比较

[目的]探索对活体无损伤、易于掌握的喙尾琵琶甲雌雄成虫鉴别方法.[方法]对喙尾琵琶甲雌雄虫形态特征进行仔细观察,并从中选取几个主要特征(体长、体宽、长宽比、腹部刚毛刷和尾突)作为观察对象,进行比较分析.[结果]喙尾琵琶甲雌雄二型与个体大小关系不大;通过尾突和刚毛刷可明显区分其性别;也可采用长宽比区分,即雄虫呈狭长状,雌虫略显矮胖.[结论]利用上述特征来鉴别,不仅能有效区别喙尾琵琶甲雌雄性而且不造成伤害.     

小丑鱼繁殖生物学研究进展

小丑鱼别称海葵鱼,属鲈形目、雀鲷科、海葵鱼亚科鱼类,传统形态学把该亚科分成双锯鱼属( Amphiprion )及棘颊雀鲷属( Premna )[1]。Allen [1]描述了已发现的双锯鱼属鱼类有27种,近年又发现了两个新物种[2-3],迄今双锯鱼属有29种;全世界棘颊雀鲷属仅1种,海葵鱼亚科总计2属30种。小丑鱼是一类具有较高观赏价值的热带珊瑚礁鱼类,其色彩美丽且性情温和,健壮活泼且易饲养。鉴于其特殊的雄性先熟的性反转现象、强领域性行为和独特的与海葵共生关系,过去30年里小丑鱼繁殖生物学始终是研究的热点,特别是在雄性先熟的性转化研究方面受到了极大的关注[4-14]。     

山东栎链蚧属（蚧总科,链蚧科）的分类研究

本文对山东栎类树木的栎链蚧属蚧虫作了研究(山东蚧类研究内容之一)除存在2个已记录种外。又发现1个新记录种白栎链蚧Asterodiaspis alba(Takahashi)和2个新种:枹栎栎链蚧A. glandulifera Liu et Shi新种、多腺栎链蚧A. multipora Liu et Shi新种。通过雌成虫、一龄若虫的形态研究,结合其生态观察,发现后3个种皆具生态二型性。本文对其食干型、食叶型雌成虫和一龄若虫的形态进行了详细描述和绘图,并简述了生物学。新种模式标本,保存于山东农业大学植物保护系昆虫学教研室昆虫标本室。     

转mtlD/gutD基因稻米对大鼠性腺毒性的实验研究

研究了转mtlD/gutD双价基因稻米对大鼠的性腺毒性。通过对大鼠90 d喂养观察及对各组动物的睾丸和卵巢进行组织切片检查,未见有意义的病理改变。比较雌性大鼠的性成熟、雄性大鼠的精子畸变率及雌雄大鼠的性激素水平,各实验组与对照组均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结果初步表明用转mtlD/gutD双价基因水稻秀水11品系T18 7 8 1稻米喂养大鼠90 d对大鼠性腺器官的结构和功能无明显影响。     

家蚕原原种871、872饲育中种性维持关键技术探究

[目的]掌握家蚕原原种871、872饲养阶段关键技术,维持其繁殖原种种性。[方法]制定科学的繁殖程序;控制饲育期关键技术。[结果]原种871、872品质性状与其原原种饲育过程中关键技术的掌握和贯彻有直接的关系。[结语]技术探究可为我国主要蚕区主导繁殖871、872原种,在种性和健康性能方面实现最大最优化保持提供其原原种饲养阶段的技术支持。     

育成期高能饲喂下开产与未开产蛋鸡肝脏转录组差异分析

对育成期高能饲喂的开产与未开产蛋鸡进行肝脏转录表达谱差异分析,探明在高能饮食状态下肝脏中影响开产的基因,为提高产蛋打下基础.以高能饲粮饲喂育成期蛋鸡为对象,运用高通量测序平台对开产与未开产鸡的肝脏进行转录组测序,使用HTSeq和DESeq等方法分析基因表达量并运用qRT-PCR验证,并以超几何分布对差异表达基因进行GO...