不同温度下雌激素对施氏鲟早期性腺发育及血清性激素的影响

在不同养殖温度下注射外源雌激素后对孵化后90日龄的施氏鲟性未分化的仔鱼进行培育,研究早期性腺发育过程中组织结构和血清性激素含量的变化,以了解温度和外源雌激素对施氏鲟幼鱼性分化和性别比率的影响,探讨施氏鲟的早期性别控制方法和机制。在不同试验温度下,注射外源雌激素-17β-estradiol(E2)30 d后,使施氏鲟幼鱼的卵巢分化提前,但未能改变施氏鲟雌雄1∶1的性别比率。注射24 h后各温度组血浆T含量下降到0 ng.mL-1,显著低于对照组0.46 ng.mL-1的水平(P<0.05)。注射30 d后,血浆T含量有所回升,但以高温组21、24和27℃组的血浆T含量开始回升,27℃组回升幅度最大,与处理前水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。注射后24 h,各温度组血浆E2含量显著升高(P<0.05),7 d后开始缓慢降低,15 d后降到最低值后开始回升,30 d时血浆E2含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。与注射后血清T含量一样,以温度高组回升快,最快组为21℃组。结果表明,注射17β-E2不能改变施氏鲟的性别比率,但对施氏鲟血浆T和E2含量具有一定影响作用。     

不同发育时期雄性鳗鲡精巢和GtH分泌细胞的结构观察及相关组织中性类固醇激素的变化

通过组织切片和电子显微镜观察经多次注射人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)和鲤鱼脑垂体匀浆液(carp pituitary extract,CPE)促熟的雄性鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)精巢和脑垂体超微结构的变化,并采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)联用的方法,观察性腺和血液中7种类固醇激素含量的变化。结果发现:成熟组鳗鲡精巢发育至第Ⅴ期,排精10 d时鳗鲡精巢进入退化吸收期。性成熟雄性鳗鲡的脑垂体GtH分泌细胞代谢活动旺盛,细胞中分泌小球增多,囊泡数量增加,线粒体和内质网丰富。鳗鲡精巢和血液中睾酮(testosterone,T)、17α,20β-二羟基-4-孕烯-3-酮(17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one,DHP)和17α-羟孕酮(17α-hydroxyprogesterone,17α-OHP)3种激素含量较高,且成熟的和排精10 d后雄鱼精巢和血液中T、DHP和17α-OHP的含量均显著高于对照组(P﹤0.05),排精10 d时雄鱼精巢和血液中17α-羟孕酮的含量显著低于成熟组鳗鲡精巢和血液中的含量(P﹤0.05);精巢和血液中未检出孕酮(progesterone,P)、雌酮(estrone,E1)、β-雌二醇(estradiol-17β,E2)和雌三醇(estriol,E3)4种激素。结果表明,睾酮、17α-羟孕酮和DHP是雄鱼成熟的关键类固醇激素,其含量在性成熟时达到峰值,排精10 d时含量降低,其含量受脑垂体GtH分泌的调控。     

玉蜀黍赤霉有性重组体的诱导及其生物学特性

 本研究以硝酸盐营养缺陷型突变体(nit)和多菌灵抗性为遗传标记,在5个所选菌株中设计了3个玉蜀黍赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的杂交组合,使各菌株之间进行杂交,从而诱导有性重组体。从各杂交组合的后代中任意挑选出3个有性重组体,比较了这些有性重组体与其亲本在无性和有性阶段的主要生物学性状。结果表明,玉蜀黍赤霉中的nit基因及对杀菌剂多菌灵的抗药性基因可以通过有性杂交的方式重组,即发生了有性重组。有性重组体与其亲本在菌落生长、培养性状和致病性方面没有显著差异;但某些有性重组体中,产孢量和产子囊壳能力方面存在一定差异。总体看来,有性重组体仍然保持了较高的适合度。因此,可以认为有性重组在玉蜀黍赤霉群体对多菌灵抗药性发生发展以及群体遗传进化中可能起着重要的作用。     

环境因子对珍稀濒危植物裸果木种子萌发特性的影响

为研究濒危植物裸果木的有性繁殖,通过分析其结实率、种子大小、千粒质量及种子萌发对光照、温度、PEG胁迫的响应,探讨其种子萌发阶段的生态适应性。结果表明：裸果木的结实率为6.37%,种子长(2.03 ± 0.01) mm,宽(1.37 ± 0.01) mm,千粒质量为1.68 g;种子萌发阶段对光照和温度的要求不高,适宜温度下种子萌发迅速,平均萌发时间不到2 d;水分是限制裸果木种子萌发的一个主要因素,渗透压- 0.6 MPa是裸果木种子萌发的拐点,低于这个渗透势种子的萌发力显著降低;干旱胁迫下未萌发种子进入休眠状态,解除胁迫后迅速萌发。因此,裸果木种子在结实率低、种子小的条件下,形成了迅速有效地利用有限的水分以实现有性繁殖的繁殖机制。     

Protective effect of vitamin C and lycopene on the in vitro fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm by inhibiting the oxidative stress

The fertilization capacity of sex-sorted sperms is seriously decreased, which inhibits its wide application. However, little information is still available about the effect of vitamin C (VC) and lycopene (Lyc) on the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm. In this study, the washing medium and fertilization medium of sex-sorted sperm from three bull individuals were supplemented with different concentrations of VC (0, 1 × 10^–3, 1 × 10^–4, 1 × 10^–5, 1 × 10^–6 M) or Lyc (0, 1 × 10^–4, 1 × 10^–5, 1 × 10^–6, 1 × 10^–7). After washing twice and incubation for 1.5 hr, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, membrane potential (Δψm) and IVF (in vitro fertilization) ability of sex-sorted sperm were investigated. For the sex-sorted sperm of bulls A, B and C, 1 × 10^–3 M VC or 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc treatment significantly decreased their MDA levels and PS translocation and increased their Δψm levels and cleavage rates after IVF. When blastocysts were concerned, 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc significantly improved the blastocyst rates and their IFN-tau expression of bulls A and C. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 × 10^–3 M VC or 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc in washing and fertilization medium contributed greatly to improving the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm during IVF procedure.     

植物生长调节剂对板栗花芽性别分化及结果枝生长的影响

为提高板栗雌花分化率，以8年生铁粒头为试材，在花芽分化期叶面喷施GA3，6－BA，乙烯利，测定结果枝长，枝基部直径，枝中部叶长和宽，该枝雄花数，雄花序长和雌花数，结果表明，GA350,100mg/L和6－BA 100mg/L能显著地提高板栗雌花分化率，降低雄花与雌花的比值，乙烯利对板栗雌花分化具有极明显的抑制作用，3个质量浓度处理没有雌花生成，低浓度处理具有促雄作用。     

A genetic analysis of meat compositions in Japanese Black cattle: Genetic parameters and sex influence

Meat composition in beef is related to eating quality and food functionality. Genetic parameters for several meat compositions including free amino acid, peptide and sugar, however, remain poorly described. In this study, we estimated genetic parameters for 51 meat components, including free amino acids, peptides, sugars and fatty acid compositions, and two carcase traits in 1,354 heifers and 1,797 steers of Japanese Black cattle. Heritability estimates were generally equivalent to or moderately greater than those in previous studies of this breed. Genetic correlations between free amino acids, peptides and sugars and carcase traits were often negative, suggesting a trade‐off between traits. Using two‐trait animal models that treat records from the two sexes as different traits, we estimated sex‐specific heritabilities and cross‐sex genetic correlations which indicate the sex differences in genetic architecture. In these analyses, 12 traits showed significant heritability differences between sexes and cross‐sex genetic correlations occasionally deviated from unity. These results could be used to inform future breeding schemes and investigations of the genetic architecture of meat compositions in beef.     

Variation in Nicotine Content of Cultured Cell Lines of Nicotiana Species and their Somatic and Sexual Hybrids

Several Nicotiana species, their intergeneric sexual and somatic hybrids were compared for their in vitro growth rate and nicotine content. Cell yield on a dry weight basis and HPLC analysis of their nicotine content revealed a very high variation within each cell line from parental, sexual and somatic hybrids for the two traits analyzed. The trigeneríc sexual hybrids (N. rustica × N. debneyi) × N. tabacum and only two of the N. rustica × N. tabacum somatic hybrid lines show a positive heterosis in nicotine content in vitro The in vitro growth rate and nicotine content did not demonstrate a statistically significant correlation.     

金定鸭的性双态分化和性行为发育

金定鸭的外型分化，受自然选择和性选择的双重影响。在生长发育过程中，依羽域在适应水域环境的重要性，雌雄金定鸭的正羽都按共同的羽域顺序陆续更换生长；与此同时，一日龄外型相同的异性雏鸭，逐渐表现出性双态，包括喙色、羽色、声音、性羽、体重和行为的表型差异，以满足繁殖竞争的需要。金定鸭性行为的出现以其性双态分化为基础，而性行为的分化又是其生理成熟的前提条件。对雄鸭的观察分析结果表明，性双态分化和性行为发育速度的快慢与其生理成熟的早迟是一致的。黑色尾羽的雄鸭，体重较小，其发育速度和性成熟均快于体重较大的白喙或端白尾羽者，因此，建议将尾羽颜色、性双态分化和性行为发育速度作为雄鸭的选育指标。     

藤仓赤霉菌色素形成能力的遗传研究

通过菌株的无件继代培养和有性杂交方法,对藤仓赤霉菌(串珠镰孢霉)形成色素的能力及其遗传稳定性进行研究.试验结果表明,串珠镰孢霉产生色素的能力在无性后代中稳定遗传;从色素形成量不同的菌株间杂交试验结果,首次提出由单主效基因控制色素前体产生,而表型色素产生量的多少受一定数量微效基因控制,且这些微效基凶与色素产生量以及色素形成的快慢有关.