松嫩平原碱化草甸獐毛种群有性生殖的数量特征及营养繁殖特性的研究

通过对单优群落随机取样的调查与测定，分析了松嫩平原碱化草甸漳毛种群有性生殖的数量特征及营养繁殖特性。樟毛种群以营养生长和营养繁殖为主，成穗率仅为１５．７％，结实率为４１．６％。獐毛的匍匐茎在整个生长季均不断地增节伸长。至生长季末期，大多数匍匐茎可产生２０～２２个节，总长度可达２６９．５～３０４．５ｃｍ，节上可共产生８５．５～ｌ１１．４个营养繁殖株。不同月份的匍匐茎，其营养繁殖具有相同的规律性。匍匐茎的营养繁殖株在翌春存活与繁殖的数量最少者为１０株，多者达１３１株，基部１～２节无存活，３～１９节可形成１～２３株的营养繁殖株丛，最远存活的节营养繁殖株距母株２９４ｍ。     

The application of sexual coral recruits for the sustainable management of ex situ populations in public aquariums to promote coral reef conservation — SECORE Project

• 1. SECORE (SExual COral REproduction) Project is an initiative of public aquariums and research institutions to produce and exchange sexual coral recruits for the sustainable management of ex situ populations. Here we present the results of the initial three years (2002–2004).
• 2. Primary polyps (n=501) of corals (Acropora tenuis, Agaricia humilis, Favia fragum) were transported from Rotterdam Zoo to Cologne, Burgers', Hagenbeck and London Zoos, where development of juveniles was monitored for 10 months. All polyps were produced at Rotterdam Zoo from laboratory colonies (A. humilis, F. fragum), and from larvae generated from field collected gametes at Akajima, Okinawa, Japan (A. tenuis). Additionally, planulae of A. tenuis (n=1440) were transported from Rotterdam Zoo to Burgers' Zoo and to London Zoo to obtain primary polyps.
• 3. Larval settlement (A. tenuis) was observed to be 3.00 ± 2.57% (mean ± SD; n=1480) in 2002 and 17.36 ± 6.01% (mean ± SD; n=1480) in 2003, significantly lower compared to settlement at Rotterdam Zoo (57.84 ± 11.01% in 2003; mean ± SD, n=1480). High post‐transport survival rates of 95.18 ± 4.86% (mean ± SD; n=501) were observed in primary polyps of all species.
• 4. Juvenile survival (t=10 months; A. tenuis: 18.4–86.2%; A. humilis: 0–19.7%; F. fragum: 13.3–72.7%) differed significantly between institutions. Mean colony sizes (measured 10 months after transportation) were, in all cases, similar or higher to those reported from literature.
• 5. The results demonstrate the potential of this method to serve as an economical and sustainable alternative to existing mostly exploitative techniques for aquarium stocking. The use of sexual recruits provides an effective and low cost alternative, which is, in principle, applicable to all coral species.
• 6. The project was extended from 9 to 28 institutions across Europe, the USA and Japan in 2004.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

紫苞雪莲花期繁殖分配及花部特征与海拔高度的相关分析

【目的】对不同海拔高度下的菊科风毛菊属植物紫苞雪莲（Saussurea iodostegia Hance）10个居群的花期繁殖器官特征和繁殖分配进行研究,为探讨紫苞雪莲如何与胁迫环境相适应及提高其繁殖分配率提供科学依据。【方法】2009-09,在位于青藏高原东缘的甘肃甘南藏族自治州,于不同海拔下（3 050,3 200,3 300,3 400,3 500,3 600,3 700,3 800,3 925,4 000 m）采集10个居群的紫苞雪莲,每个居群取20株样品,测定紫苞雪莲的性器官长度、花粉数、个体大小及繁殖分配,并分析各个指标与海拔高度间的相关性。【结果】紫苞雪莲个体大小与海拔高度呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,紫苞雪莲繁殖分配与海拔高度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,个体大小与繁殖分配呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,花药和花丝长度及花粉数与海拔高度呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,花柱长度与海拔高度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,花丝长度与花粉数呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,花柱长度与花粉数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。【结论】海拔高度对紫苞雪莲的个体大小及繁殖分配有重要影响,随着海拔升高,植株可获取的资源总量降低,分配给繁殖器官的相对资源量增加,并且在花粉数随着海拔的升高而减少的情况下,紫苞雪莲通过花柱长度的增加来提高柱头对传粉昆虫的感受性,从而在一定程度上提高了其繁殖成功率。     

Food and feeding habits of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) in hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam,South Africa

The diet of 745 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) of less than 0,5 up to 2000 g wet mass, in Hartbeespoort Dam, was determined from stomach content analysis. Samples of fish were selected to cover a whole annual cycle. Small fish fed initially on zoobenthos and zooplankton, but fish with a mass of over 4 g fed increasingly on Microcystis aeruginosa Kutzing and detritus until these food items formed the dominant food source in O. mossambicus over 8 g. Some cannibalism was encountered in fish up to 64 g in the summer months. The ratio of intestinal length to total length of fish ranged from 0,58 in the smaller fish to 11,02 in larger fish and this indicated that there was an ontogenetic adaptation from a carnivorous to a phytoplanktivorous/detritivorous diet. Feeding in juvenile fish studied over 24 h was found to be most intense in the early morning and late afternoon but remained high throughout daylight hours decreasing considerably at night. The daily ingestion rate of food in O. mossambicus in Hartbeespoort Dam was estimated at 453 mg/g of fish. This comprised 45% M. aeruginosa and 55% detritus. It was apparent that of this matter ingested only a small percentage would be assimilated. Oreochromis mossambicus shows feeding and breeding preadaptations which enable it to successfully exploit a lacustrine environment. These adaptations enable it to maintain a large population in Hartbeespoort Dam despite frequent winter mortalities caused by water temperatures below their tolerance limits.     

Ontogenetic variation and craniometric sexual dimorphism in the social giant mole-rat,Fukomys mechowii (Rodentia: Bathyergidae), from Zambia

The degree of maxillary molar tooth-row eruption and wear were used to assign samples of the social giant mole-rat, Fukomys mechowii, from Zambia, into nine relative age classes in order to assess ontogenetic (age) variation and craniometric sexual dimorphism, with reference to body mass. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses showed craniometric differences between age classes 1–3 and age classes 5–9, with age class 4 being intermediate between these two age class groupings. This suggests that age class 4 lies at a point on a hypothetical growth curve where growth begins to stabilize. The intermediate placement of age class 4 in multivariate space broadly coincided with body mass categorizations into juveniles (age classes 1–3; <100 g), subadults (age class 4; c. 100–150 g), and adults (age classes 5–9; >150 g). The analyses also revealed the absence of sexual dimorphism in the relatively younger age classes 1–4 but its presence in the relatively older age classes 5–9, and these results are supported by data on body mass. These results may have implications in our understanding of the population and social structures, and reproductive strategies in this little-studied giant mole-rat.     

2017年冬季斯科舍海南极磷虾种群结构变动研究

斯科舍海蕴含着丰富的南极磷虾资源,是重要的南极磷虾渔场,该海域南极磷虾种群结构存在显著的时空差异。为了解该海域冬季南极磷虾的种群结构变动,以明晰渔场的变化,并探究南极磷虾的越冬机制,利用2017年5—8月渔业资源调查随机收集的样本,对冬季布兰斯菲尔德海峡和南乔治亚岛东北水域南极磷虾种群结构差异进行分析。结果显示,2017年冬季各月南极磷虾性比差异不大,均为雌性占比稍高于雄性,且各月性成熟度分布不存在显著差异。总体而言,雌性磷虾在整个冬季月份,除个例外均为未成熟个体。对于雄性磷虾,5月未成熟个体少于成熟个体;6月未成熟个体多于成熟个体;7月未成熟个体显著多于成熟个体;8月均为未成熟个体。对于布兰斯菲尔德海峡和南乔治亚岛两区域,整体来说,随月份增加,磷虾雌、雄个体的成熟个体数量减少,而未成熟个体数量逐渐增加。通过历史资料对比可知,斯科舍海冬季磷虾种群结构存在较为显著的年际和年间变化。     

益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗2型糖尿病合并男性性功能障碍的临床研究

目的 探讨益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）合并男性性功能障碍患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法 将T2DM合并男性性功能障碍患者146例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组73例。对照组患者予缬沙坦胶囊口服,观察组患者加服益肾活血汤,4周为1个疗程,连续治疗3个疗程。观察治疗前后两组患者国际勃起功能障碍指数（International index of erectile dysfunction-5,IIEF-5）、阴茎勃起时间、阴茎头、根部平均硬度及血清性激素[促卵泡生成素（Follicle stimulating hormone,FSH）、黄体生成素（Luteinizing hormone,LH）、雌二醇（estradiol,E₂）和睾酮（testosterone,T）]水平变化;评估两组患者治疗后性生活满意度和不良反应发生率;比较两组患者治疗后临床总有效率。结果 观察组患者临床总有效率84.93%明显高于对照组的50.68%（P<0.05）;两组患者治疗后IIEF-5、阴茎勃起时间、阴茎头、根部平均硬度及血清T水平均较治疗前明显升高（P<0.05）,血清FSH、LH及E₂水平均显著下降（P<0.05）,且观察组各项指标的改善明显优于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组患者性生活总满意度91.78%明显高于对照组的68.49%（P<0.05）;两组患者在治疗期间均未出现明显不良反应。结论 益肾活血汤联合缬沙坦治疗T2DM合并男性性功能障碍临床疗效确切,能有效改善患者的阴茎状态和血清性激素水平,改善患者的性生活,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

北部湾多齿蛇鲻繁殖生物学特征

本研究基于2020年在北部湾海域采集的1214尾多齿蛇鲻（Saurida tumbil）样本,通过对生物学特征和卵巢组织学进行分析,探究该海域多齿蛇鲻种群的繁殖特性及其适应性变化。结果表明,2020年北部湾多齿蛇鲻雌雄性比为1.82:1,雌性群体成熟性腺4季均有分布,3~ 8月性成熟系数（GSI）保持较高水平,为主要繁殖期,其中3月和7月为繁殖高峰期;成熟卵巢中存在不同卵径大小的卵粒,卵径组成分布呈明显多峰型;绝对繁殖力波动范围较大（2774~ 158986粒）,且成熟卵巢中存在不同发育时相的卵母细胞,综合GSI、繁殖期、卵径分布及组织切片等结果推断多齿蛇鲻为分批非同步产卵型鱼类;相对繁殖力（267粒/g）保持在较高的水平,有利于其在高强度捕捞压力下迅速建立稳定种群;采用Logistic回归方程估算雌性群体的初次性成熟体长为19.0 cm,与性比随体长变化的重要转折点相同。本研究发现,北部湾多齿蛇鲻的繁殖特性相较以往结果有所改变,同时,研究结果进一步丰富了北部湾多齿蛇鲻的繁殖生物学资料,为渔业资源保护和可持续利用提供科学参考依据。     

Relationships between body size and secondary sexual characters,and sperm characters in male Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma)

In Salmonidae, subordinate males are exposed to higher risks of sperm competition than dominant males and thus are expected to improve the sperm characteristics (sperm concentrations, sperm velocity and sperm longevity). In this study, we investigated the relationships between body size and secondary sexual characters (breeding colour, hump height and snout length), and sperm characteristics of one‐year‐old (newly matured) Dolly Varden char. Small males displayed higher sperm concentrations than large males. Moreover, males with dull breeding colours, but not with lesser snout length and hump height, displayed an increased sperm velocity compared to males with bright colours, suggesting a trade‐off between sperm quantity and the investment in breeding colour. In addition, sperm longevity decreased as sperm swimming velocity increased. These findings indicate that small males with dull breeding colours improve the quantity and quality of their sperm to a great extent to enhance their chances of reproductive success.     

Seasonality in Saint Croix male lamb reproductive development in northern Mexico

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the season of birth on the body weight, testicular size, testosterone concentrations, semen output and sexual behaviour in Saint Croix male lambs. Thirty‐three lambs were born in spring (n = 10), summer (Sum; n = 12) or autumn (n = 11). Body weight and the scrotal circumference were weekly recorded; semen was also weekly collected by electroejaculation; and sexual behaviour towards oestrous ewes was weekly evaluated. Data were recorded from 15 to 33 weeks of age. The reproductive development of Saint Croix male lambs differed according to the period in which they were born. More lambs born in spring than in summer and autumn achieved puberty during this study and were also more precocious in semen production and displayed sexual behaviour earlier. Lambs born in summer delayed their semen production; however, season‐related negative effects were less pronounced at the end of the study than in autumn born lambs born. In conclusion, despite the apparently low seasonality of the breed, Saint Croix male lambs showed in this study a seasonal pattern in their reproductive development at least until they achieve the puberty.