中国林蛙胚胎发育的研究进展

对中国林蛙胚胎发育时期的划分、胚胎期的性腺发育和性别分化、胚胎发育的温度效应等研究进行了综述。根据形态特征和生理功能,中国林蛙早期胚胎发育划分为25个时期。中国林蛙在胚胎发育到24期以前性腺并没有分化,在24期以后其原生殖细胞向雌性和雄性2个方向分化。胚胎在7～22℃温度范围内均能正常发育,在15～25℃范围内,温度越高,雄性比例越大。     

影响白背飞虱翅型分化的相关因子

为探讨水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horvth翅型分化机制,以其长翅型、短翅型的遗传纯系为材料,在不同梯度的温度、光周期、若虫密度、不同寄主植物、水稻生育期、双亲翅型和植株营养条件下比较白背飞虱的翅型分化状况。结果显示,短日照有利于白背飞虱短翅型雄虫的发生;白背飞虱若虫密度≥15头/管时,短翅型分化率仅在16.9%以下;寄主营养决定了翅型分化的方向,寄主植物的总蛋白质含量与白背飞虱短翅型的分化率呈正相关;水稻拔节期最有利于白背飞虱短翅型的发生,分化率为45.2%,而灌浆期有利于其长翅型的发生;该虫F1代的翅型表型与亲本的遗传密切相关,父本和母本均为短翅型时,F1代短翅型分化率可达47.7%。无论在什么情况下白背飞虱长翅型的分化率始终高于短翅型,尤其是短翅型雄虫的分化率非常低。因此,白背飞虱长、短翅型的分化既由基因控制,又受外界环境因子的影响。     

两性异型红隼的子代性比研究

Fisher经典的性比分配理论预测:如果双亲繁殖雄性和雌性子代的代价相同,那么子代的性比应趋于平衡.然而,性比组成是长期进化的结果,常因不同因素的影响而出现偏离.文献报道猛禽由于存在不同形式的两性异型现象而导致子代性比常出现偏离,但子代性比偏离方向因种而异.本研究中我们对红隼(Falco tinnunculus)子代的性比组成进行了调查,目的是检验红隼子代性比是否受产卵日期、产卵顺序、卵重、出雏顺序或窝卵数影响.在窝水平上,红隼(雄性)的初级性比为47.0%,没有偏离0.5,但次级性比为40.8%,显著偏离0.5(p=0.029).在种群水平上,初级性比和次级性比都没有出现偏离.窝卵数和卵重影响红隼的次级性比组成,窝卵数越大,雄性后代数量越多,且发育为雄性后代的卵重较发育为雌性后代的重.初级性比和次级性比都受到产卵日期的影响,产卵越早,雄性后代比例越高.     

Multigene phylogeny and mating tests reveal three cryptic species related to Calonectria pauciramosa

Calonectria pauciramosa is a pathogen of numerous plant hosts worldwide. Recent studies have indicated that it included cryptic species, some of which are identified in this study. Isolates from various geographical origins were collected and compared based on morphology, DNA sequence data of the β-tubulin, histone H3 and translation elongation factor-1α regions and mating compatibility. Comparisons of the DNA sequence data and mating compatibility revealed three new species. These included Ca. colombiana sp. nov. from Colombia, Ca. polizzii sp. nov. from Italy and Ca. zuluensis sp. nov. from South Africa, all of which had distinguishing morphological features. Based on DNA sequence data, Ca. brasiliensis is also elevated to species level.Taxonomic novelties: Calonectria brasiliensis (Bat. & Cif.) L. Lombard, M.J. Wingf. & Crous, comb. nov., Calonectria colombiana L. Lombard, Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov., Calonectria polizzii L. Lombard, Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov., Calonectria zuluensis L. Lombard, Crous & M.J. Wingf., sp. nov.     

苜蓿叶象甲翅型分化研究初探

[目的]为了探明遗传及环境等因素对苜蓿叶象甲翅型分化的影响,进而为准确预测预报该虫的发生提供理论依据.[方法]在不同亲本组合、温度、幼虫密度以及寄主质量等条件下饲养幼虫至蛹,并对其翅型分化情况进行统计分析.[结果]不同亲本组合对苜蓿叶象甲F1代翅型分化影响差异显著,尤以亲本均为长翅型(N♀×N♂)组合中,F1代中短翅型蛹高达94.1;;温度、密度对苜蓿叶象甲翅型分化均有一定影响,随着温度、密度的升高,长翅型蛹分化率呈上升趋势,短翅型蛹分化率呈下降趋势;寄主质量对苜蓿叶象甲翅型分化影响极显著,苜蓿茎秆处理组中长翅型蛹显著高于苜蓿茎叶处理.[结论]苜蓿叶象甲翅型分化受多个因子调控.     

高山红景天不同性别植株茎叶显微结构的比较

以栽培高山红景天为材料,采用石蜡切片法,比较分析不同性别高山红景天植株茎叶显微结构部分性状的特点.结果表明,高山红景天茎的表皮厚度、皮层厚度、维管束数目、叶片的维管束数目等性状均表现为两性株最大;韧皮部厚度、束中形成层层数和厚度、叶片厚度、叶片表皮细胞厚度、主脉维管束直径等性状均表现为雌株最大;雄株除叶片维管束间距离最大外其它性状均最小或中等水平.     

白菜2n配子诱导及有性多倍化创制四倍体的研究

以165份白菜(2n=2x=20)品系中筛选出的11份含2n配子较高的株系为材料,用不同浓度秋水仙素处理花蕾,诱导2n配子;以其为父本,以四倍体雄性不育系为母本进行有性多倍化杂交,从F1中筛选鉴定四倍体。结果表明:用0.20%秋水仙素5~10μL微量注射3mm的二倍体白菜花蕾,处理1次,诱导2n配子效果最好,2n配子频率达20.20%,是未经秋水仙素处理对照的3.63倍。80株杂交F1中,染色体计数显示14株为四倍体(2n=4x=40),占17.5%。与二倍体相比,有性多倍化获得的四倍体在植株形态、气孔、花器官等方面均表现巨大性,气孔密度和结实率降低。     

芳香化酶抑制剂Formestane和Letrozole对番鸭性腺分化的研究

在番鸭胚性腺未分化前注入不同类型的芳香酶抑制剂Formestane(类固醇型)和Letrozole(非类固醇型),研究对其性腺分化的影响.结果表明,在Formestane 3个处理组中,50 μg·枚-1处理组公母雏鸭性别比差异不显著;100和150 μg·枚-1处理组对番鸭雄性化作用较强,雄性比差异极显著(P<0.01),经遗传性别鉴定,性反转率分别为52.94%和55.56%,但是随着浓度的加大番鸭胚的孵化率逐渐降低.在Letrozole的3个剂量组中,100 μg·枚-1处理组雄性比差异显著(P<0.05),性反转率为36.36%,而50和150 μg·枚-1处理组公母雏鸭性别比差异均不显著(P>0.05),此外,3个处理组均显著降低了番鸭胚的孵化率.对性反转番鸭性腺进行解剖组织学观察,性反转完全番鸭的两侧性腺似睾丸组织,而性反转不完全番鸭的两侧性腺存在不同程度的反转,一般左侧性腺反转程度低于右侧,组织结构介于睾丸与卵巢之间.     

Genome-wide association study for age at puberty in young Nelore bulls

Selection for bulls that would reach puberty early reduces the generation interval and increases fertility and herd productivity. Despite its economic importance, there are few QTL associated with age at puberty described in the literature. In this study, a weighted single-step genome-wide association study was performed to detect genomic regions and putative candidate genes related to age at puberty in young Nelore bulls. Several protein-coding genes related to spermatogenesis functions were identified within the genomic regions that explain more than 0.5% of the additive genetic variance for age at puberty in Nelore bulls, such as ADAM11, BRCA1, CSNK2A, CREBBP, MEIOC, NDRG2, NECTIN3, PARP2, PARP9, PRSS21, RAD51C, RNASE4, SLX4, SPA17, TEX14, TIMP2 and TRIP13 gene. Enrichment analysis by DAVID also revealed several GO terms related to spermatogenesis such as DNA replication (GO:0006260), male meiosis I (GO:0007141), double-strand break repair (GO:0006302), base excision repair (GO:0006284), apoptotic process (GO:0006915), cell–cell adhesion (GO: 0098609) and focal adhesion (GO:0005925). The heritability for age at puberty shows that this trait can be improved based on traditional EBV selection. Adding genomic information to the system helps to elucidate genes and molecular mechanisms controlling the sexual precocity and could help to predict sexual precocity in Nelore bulls with greater accuracy at younger age, which would speed up the breeding programme for this breed.     

Protective effect of vitamin C and lycopene on the in vitro fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm by inhibiting the oxidative stress

The fertilization capacity of sex-sorted sperms is seriously decreased, which inhibits its wide application. However, little information is still available about the effect of vitamin C (VC) and lycopene (Lyc) on the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm. In this study, the washing medium and fertilization medium of sex-sorted sperm from three bull individuals were supplemented with different concentrations of VC (0, 1 × 10^–3, 1 × 10^–4, 1 × 10^–5, 1 × 10^–6 M) or Lyc (0, 1 × 10^–4, 1 × 10^–5, 1 × 10^–6, 1 × 10^–7). After washing twice and incubation for 1.5 hr, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, membrane potential (Δψm) and IVF (in vitro fertilization) ability of sex-sorted sperm were investigated. For the sex-sorted sperm of bulls A, B and C, 1 × 10^–3 M VC or 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc treatment significantly decreased their MDA levels and PS translocation and increased their Δψm levels and cleavage rates after IVF. When blastocysts were concerned, 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc significantly improved the blastocyst rates and their IFN-tau expression of bulls A and C. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 × 10^–3 M VC or 1 × 10^–4 M Lyc in washing and fertilization medium contributed greatly to improving the fertilization capacity of sex-sorted bull sperm during IVF procedure.