饵料种类、温度和规格对硬壳蛤的同化率的影响

试验结果表明,温度和规格对硬壳蛤同化率的影响不显著(P>0.05);饵料种类对硬壳蛤同化率影响显著(P<0.05).其中小球藻和湛江等鞭金藻的同化率显著高于小新月菱形藻(P<0.05),而小新月菱形藻又显著高于扁藻(P<0.05).     

Condition assessment of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment,north‐east England,and the potential influence of physical migration barriers

• 1. River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are designated features of the River Derwent Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the Humber Estuary (a possible SAC). This study determined the condition of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment by assessing the species composition, distribution, abundance and size‐structure of larval (ammocoete) populations in five major tributary rivers (Derwent, Swale, Ure, Nidd and Wharfe).
• 2. According to EU condition assessment criteria, Lampetra populations (assumed to be mostly river lamprey) are at present in favourable condition, with site mean (±SE) densities ranging from 2.7 (±1.2) to 160.3 (±50.5) individuals m^?2 (all river means >2 individuals m^?2), and at least two size (≈age) classes present in optimal microhabitats. By contrast, no sea lamprey larvae were recorded, suggesting that populations of this species are in unfavourable condition.
• 3. Actions to protect and enhance nationally or internationally important stocks must be implemented from at least a catchment perspective, because many of the issues affecting such species are not localized. With respect to lampreys, particular attention should be given to protecting spawning and nursery habitats, improving water quality, reducing impingement at abstraction points, preventing exploitation at spawning grounds and increasing passage at potential physical obstructions.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conserving indigenous crayfish: stock assessment and habitat requirements in the threatened Austropotamobius italicus

• 1. As part of the Austropotamobius pallipes species complex, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus is a species of community interest whose preservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) (Annex II, EU Habitats Directive). This study aimed at (1) assessing the conservation status of this threatened indigenous species by stock assessment in central Italy and (2) identifying some aspects of its elective habitat.
• 2. Surveys were conducted in nine streams harbouring A. italicus (streams WI) and in 10 streams where crayfish populations became extinct at least 5 years before the study (streams WO).
• 3. The results confirmed that A. italicus is a K‐selected species, with a relatively slow growth rate (males: 0.34; females: 0.37) and a long life expectancy (males: 8.2 years; females: 7.8 years). The extant populations are healthy, showing balanced sex‐ratios and well structured age‐class compositions. Mortality is mainly due to fishing, which is illegal in Tuscany.
• 4. Principal Components Analyses showed that the streams WI and WO differ in the abundance of allochthonous plant detritus but not in the taxonomic composition of their macroinvertebrate communities. Age classes were found to be spatially segregated, juveniles mainly using cobbles as substrates and adults seemingly avoiding them.
• 5. The loss of the pristine riverine landscape seems to have been responsible, together with illegal fishing, for the local extinction of the species. As a consequence, retaining, enhancing, and restoring the habitat and its complexity are required for the preservation of A. italicus.
• 6. The designation of SACs might help in this endeavour if accompanied by programmes aimed at publicizing the need for conservation of this species. Unfortunately, crayfish‐focused projects supported by LIFE in Italy since 1992 (4%) and the SACs involved (1.4%) have been relatively few, despite the poor conservation status of this species and its well recognized ecological role.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体粒度分布特征及对氮素的响应

为了给小麦品质改良提供依据,以强筋小麦品种藁城8901和弱筋小麦品种山农1391为材料,设置不同氮素水平,研究了籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)颗粒粒径分布特征及对氮素水平的响应.结果表明,小麦籽粒GMP颗粒粒径范围为0.375～200 μm.GMP颗粒体积分布总体上呈双峰曲线变化,＜12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为11.2％～45％,＞12 μm的GMP颗粒体积百分比为55.0％～88.8％.与弱筋小麦山农1391相比,强筋小麦藁城8901有较高比例的＞12 μm颗粒.GMP颗粒数目分布表现为单峰分布,＜4 μm和＜12 μm的颗粒数目百分比分别为97.5％～98.0％和99.9％,表明小麦GMP颗粒中绝大多数为＜4 μm的小颗粒.在施氮0～240 kg·hm-2范围内,随着施氮量的增加,＜12 μm颗粒体积百分比显著降低,12～90 μm、＞90 μm颗粒体积百分比增加,说明适量施氮能够显著提高GMP大、中颗粒比例.过量氮素不利于小麦籽粒谷蛋白大聚合体的形成.     

不同干豆豆浆机制备豆浆的主要品质评价

以大豆为原料选用我国2个主导品牌的3款豆浆机(九阳精磨豆浆机、九阳无网干豆豆浆机、美的无网干豆豆浆机)制作豆浆,从蛋白质含量、蛋白质回收率、豆浆颗粒度及感官特性等方面对豆浆品质进行评价.结果表明:豆浆的蛋白含量为1.72%～2.66%,蛋白回收率为47.13%～68.66%,带有精磨器的豆浆机制备的豆浆蛋白含量及蛋白回...     

脱毒马铃薯扩繁技术初探

本试验以早熟品种东农３０３、中熟品种系薯１号和晚熟品种晋薯７号为试验材料，采用Ｌ１２（４×３￣２）正交试验法，分室内和室外两组同时进行试验，结果表明，出芽天数随着温度的上升而减少；大薯块出芽数极显著高于中小薯块；出芽数则随着掰芽次数的增加而减少；系薯１号的出芽数明显高于晋薯７号，与东农３０３差异不显著．产量结果表明，主因素为品种；其次为薯块大小；掰芽次数间差异不显著；母薯则极显著高于掰芽次数．综合结果分析，脱毒马铃薯掰芽扩繁是一项节省种薯，提高繁殖系数的有效措施；以选择适宜当地种植的高产高效和大薯块掰芽为好；三次掰芽扩繁移栽和母薯直播是可行的马铃薯扩繁技术措施．     

砒砂岩区不同退耕还林措施土壤颗粒及交换性能分布特征

为研究砒砂岩区退耕还林还草措施下林地和草地的土壤结构及土壤交换性能对其措施的响应,选取柠条林、油松林、小叶杨林和本氏针茅草地为研究对象,并以荞麦坡耕地为对照,通过野外取样与室内试验相结合的方式,采用分形理论探究土壤粒径分布(PSD)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和交换性盐基总量(ECEC)及其组成(Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))的分布特征,并分析其相关性关系。结果表明:(1)实施退耕还林措施后,草地和林地的PSD分布范围、非均一性、离散程度均高于坡耕地,且柠条林的土壤粉粒含量、PSD分布范围的增幅效果最显著(P0.05);土壤剖面垂直层次上,草地有利于增加表层土壤的细粒组分和粒径的分布范围,而林地更有利于对深层土壤粒径的改良与细化;(2)研究区交换性盐基组成主要以碱土金属为主(Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)),不同措施的土壤ECEC和CEC值由大到小依次为柠条林油松林小叶杨林草地坡耕地。草地表层土壤交换性能优于底层土壤,而林地与之相反;(3)黏、粉粒和细砂是决定研究区土壤交换性能的细粒土壤和粗粒土壤,粉粒是CEC、ECEC的主要贡献因子,多重分形维数可较好地描述土壤交换性能与土壤颗粒间的关系。不同措施以柠条林对土壤颗粒组成和土壤交换性能的改良效果最优。     

风水复合侵蚀下锡林河流域不同管理方式 草地表土粒度特征

结合锡林河流域风水侵蚀情况,对锡林河流域围封天然草地、放牧草地、封育种植草地表层(0~5 cm)土壤粒度特征及其与风蚀、水蚀关系进行研究,结果表明:封育种植草地较放牧和天然草地在降低土壤风蚀和水蚀方面均起到了较明显的作用;锡林河流域草地表层土壤粒度组成以砂粒为主,其所占比例为75%~82%,放牧草地较天然草地及封育种植草地土壤粒度粗化明显,封育种植草地中蒙古冰草+草木樨草地土壤颗粒分选性较差,其余草地土壤颗粒分选性均为中等;研究区内粒径在160μm左右土壤颗粒为易受侵蚀土壤颗粒;研究区土壤粒度组成特征与风蚀、水蚀均有明显相关性,尤其与近地面20 cm风速和径流产流总量联系最为密切。     

延安地区降雨引发黄土泥流的试验研究

在野外模拟降雨条件下,研究了黄土粒度分布和微结构在降雨前后的变化及其对泥流启动的影响.结果表明,采自径流沉积物的降雨后土样中的细黏粒、粗黏粒体积含量分别相对增加了22％和18％,而粗粉粒、微砂体积含量分别相对减少了7.6％和3.3％.坡面残余土的粒度“粗化”,降雨后土骨架连接松散,这些由降雨引起的黄土的粒度和微结构变化说明降雨后黄土的抗剪强度和抗压能力将降低,导致泥流启动的可能性增加.随着降雨入渗,当沿坡面的黄土重力分力与抗剪强度间的平衡被打破,黄土开始滑移并发展成泥流.有效防止坡面土粒度“粗化”是遏制水土流失的关键.     

东柳沟流域表土粒度分布特征及可风蚀性研究

区域表土粒度分布特征可反映该区环境特征,研究风水复合侵蚀区小流域内部表土粒度分布特征,可为探究风水两相侵蚀作用机理提供一定的理论依据。通过野外表土空间采样和室内测定,对地处风水复合侵蚀区的东柳沟流域的表土粒度分布特征及其可风蚀性进行研究,结果表明:东柳沟流域各种土地利用类型的表土粒径主要为细砂粒(50~250μm),体积分数为56.59%~86.65%,属于风沙土。流域不同土地利用类型表土粒度性质存在显著差异,草地、农地、灌木地的平均粒径(Mz)分别为77.60,81.66,87.85μm,颗粒级配较细,而沙地、河道的Mz分别为126.36,151.80μm,颗粒级配较粗;流域表土粒径大部分表现出正偏和窄峰,颗粒分布较集中。从流域上游到中游,表土粒度表现出明显的粗化现象,具体表现为:除河道外,上游各土地利用类型表土的Mz均显著小于中下游(P0.05)。而在流域中游,除草地、河道之外,其他土地利用类型的Mz与沙地之间没有显著性差异。对流域表土的可风蚀性颗粒分析结果表明,自上游到中游的各土地利用类型的易风蚀颗粒含量显著增加,草地、农地、灌木、河道分别增加了44.4%,54.23%,48.84%,33.76%。结论表明,流域中游是表土粒度分布最复杂、风蚀作用最强烈的区域,同时也是风蚀与水蚀叠加作用最为频繁的区域。