羊草草原枯枝落叶中矿质元素的动态分析

在羊草原上，因植物的枯死，输入到枯枝落叶中的矿质元素钙、镁、铁、钠、铜、锰、锌分别为０．８７６、０．８０８、０．２６１０．１１０、０．００４、０．０２６、０．０１３ｇ／（ｍ＾２．ａ），经过１ａ分解后，枯枝落叶各元素向土壤中释放的速率分别为５５％、３４％、３２％、５７％、３１％、５４％２２％。目前，枯枝落叶中矿质元素处于积累阶段，输入量大于输出量，达到稳定状态条件下，枯枝落叶中元素的含量分别为１．５     

高寒地区草地放牧演替与害鼠密度关系的研究

在定性划分放牧演替的基础上，应用Ｗｈｉｔｔａｋｅｒ的生境梯度分析法，进行了演替阶段的定量校正，根据校正后演替序列的基本数据，应用关联分析分别对害鼠密度与植物群落各特性以及主要植物优势度的相关关系进行了探讨。分析结果表明，植物群落种多样性的早熟禾优势度在各自的关联分析中对害鼠（高原鼠兔）密度的关联度分别是０．８２３和０．８８６。由此，从群落角度说，物种多样性大小是调控害鼠度的主要因子，从植物种类角度     

Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide on the integrity of the rumen epithelium: An agent in the development of ruminal acidosis

The carbon dioxide released and dissolved in rumen fluid may easily permeate across the epithelial cell membrane. Thus, we hypothesized that CO₂ may act as proton carrier and induce epithelial damage under acidotic conditions. Ovine ruminal epithelia were mounted in Ussing chambers under short‐circuit conditions. The serosal buffer solution had a constant pH of 7.4 and was gassed either with 100% oxygen or with carbogen (95% O₂/5% CO₂). The mucosal solution was gassed with either 100% oxygen or 100% carbon dioxide. The mucosal pH was lowered stepwise from 6.6 to 5.0 in the presence or absence of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). The transepithelial conductance (G_t) as an indicator of epithelial integrity and the short‐circuit current (I_sc) as an indicator of active electrogenic ion transfer were continuously monitored. At an initial mucosal pH of 6.6, there was no significant difference in G_t between the treatment groups. In the absence of both SCFA and CO₂, G_t remained constant when the mucosal solution was acidified to pH 5.0. In the presence of SCFA, mucosal acidification induced a significant rise in G_t when the solutions were gassed with oxygen. A small increase in G_t was observed in the mucosal presence of CO₂. However, no difference in final G_t was observed between SCFA‐containing and SCFA‐free conditions under carbon dioxide gassing during stepwise mucosal acidification. The SCFA+proton‐induced increase in G_t could also be minimized by serosal gassing with carbogen. Because of the SCFA+proton‐induced changes in G_t and their attenuation by CO₂, a protective role for mucosally available carbon dioxide may be assumed. We suggest that this effect may be due to the intraepithelial conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. However, the serosal presence of CO₂ at a physiological concentration may be sufficient to protect the epithelia from SCFA+proton‐induced damage for a certain period of time.     

6种除草剂对黄河源区栽培草地中毒杂草的防治

以黄河源区果洛州玛沁县建植14年的垂穗披碱草 (Elymus nutans) 栽培草地为研究对象,针对以甘肃马先蒿 (Pedicularis kansuensis) 和黄帚橐吾 (Ligularia virgaurea) 为主的阔叶型毒杂草,选择6种除草剂及5种复配剂进行防除试验,6种除草剂为单一除草剂,即2, 4-滴丁酯(A)、使它隆(B)、龙拳(C)、阔诺(D)、刹阔(E)、苯磺隆(F) ;5种复配剂为2, 4-滴丁酯与其他除草剂的复配剂,即(A + B)、(A + C)、(A + D)、(A + E)、(A + F)。结果表明,喷施B、F、A + E除草剂不同程度地降低黄帚橐吾的高度、盖度及生物量,且F和A + E对生物量影响显著 (P < 0.05) ;A、E、F、A + B、A + C和A + F 6种除草剂显著降低了甘肃马先蒿的高度、盖度及生物量(P < 0.05);复配除草剂A + F能有效防除群落毒杂草,防除等级达到最高3级,A + E处理下牧草的盖度和生物量显著高于对照 (P < 0.05);喷施除草剂群落物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数呈下降趋势,但均匀度指数比对照略高。通过鲜重防效评价了11种处理的防除效果,结果表明,防除黄河源区栽培草地的毒杂草可选择A + E、F、A + F 3种除草剂。     

3种优势牧草在不同生育期对干旱胁迫的响应

选择松嫩草地上的3种优势牧草羊草(Leymus chinensis)、碱蒿(Artemisia anethifolia)和全叶马兰(Kalimeris integrifolia) ,通过野外干旱胁迫试验、定点实时观测和隶属函数法,研究3种优势牧草在不同生育期内对不同等级干旱胁迫的响应,探究不同等级干旱胁迫对牧草在不同生育期内形态特性的影响及其抗旱能力。结果表明：在牧草同一生育期内,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,株高、叶长、叶绿素含量和产量受到的影响越大,在特旱程度下,3种牧草生长受干旱胁迫影响最严重;同一干旱胁迫处理下,随着生育期推移,株高、叶长、叶绿素含量和产量受干旱胁迫的影响总体呈减少趋势。3种牧草在其生育期内的抗旱性呈现出一定的规律性,羊草在开花期抗旱能力最强,其次是在返青期;全叶马兰在开花期抗旱能力最强,其次是在返青期,在抽穗期最差;碱蒿在开花期抗旱能力最强,其次是在抽穗期,在返青期最差。本研究结果对松嫩草地3种优势草种在不同生育期内遭受不同程度干旱胁迫时采取不同应急方案具有指导作用,也为培育优良耐旱草种及草地生态系统可持续发展提供了一定的参考。     

近10年来我国草原虫害生物防控综合配套技术的研究与推广进展

草原虫害防治是农业部较早大规模组织开展的防灾减灾工作之一。在长期的实践工作中,草原虫害防治始终坚持“预防为主,综合防治”的植保方针,逐步建立了“以生物防治为主,化学防治为辅”的技术路线。2002年起,全国畜牧总站在全国牧区组织开展了《草原虫害生物防控综合配套技术推广应用》项目。该项目的实施带动了全国的草原害虫防治,为草原可持续发展提供了技术支撑。本文以该项目的进展为基础,简要总结介绍了草原害虫防治的实施背景、开展情况及建设成果,包括以生态系统平衡原理为指导,对虫害监测预警、生物防控和施药技术等进行集成创新与组装配套,使草原害虫密度长期控制在经济阈值以下,实现草原生态系统平衡等。     

Development of a lameness model in sheep for assessing efficacy of analgesics

Objective To develop a lameness model to assess the efficacy of analgesics for alleviating pain, swelling and systemic signs of inflammation in sheep. Procedures The response to subcutaneous injection of 0.1 or 0.2 mL turpentine in a forelimb pastern (n = 4 ewes per dose) was examined at 0, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. In a second experiment, responses were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h in ewes receiving 0.1 mL turpentine ± meloxicam 1 mg/kg IV at 0 h (n = 6 per group). Responses measured included forceplate pressure, skin temperature, limb circumference, nociception, leucocyte count, neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio, haptoglobin and daily feed intake. Results Turpentine injection caused a decrease in weight borne on the treated limb, increased skin temperature, increased sensitivity at the injection site and leucocytosis by 2 h and increased limb circumference by 4 h. Weight borne and sensitivity of the injected limb returned to control levels after around 24 h, whereas tissue swelling, elevated skin temperature and elevated haptoglobin levels persisted for at least 72 h. Treatment with meloxicam improved weight borne by and tolerance to pressure exerted on the turpentine‐injected limb. Conclusions The local and systemic signs of inflammation and pain, temporary reduction in function of the affected limb and partial amelioration of some of these changes by the dose of meloxicam used here suggest that injection of turpentine in the lower forelimb provides a suitable model for examining the efficacy of analgesics for alleviation of pain and inflammation in sheep.     

草地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估方法研究

草地不仅是畜牧业的生产基地,而且是生态安全屏障保护和牧民生活与草原文化传承的基础,具有生态、生产和生活功能。然而,草地日益退化导致的生态经济问题越来越突出,评价草地生态系统服务功能的经济价值,对于制定合理的草地保护与经济开发决策具有重要意义。目前国内外广泛采用的Costanza等提出的生态系统服务价值评估方法没能充分体现出草地生态系统本质特征。因此,本研究以草地生态系统的“三生功能”为基础,综合考虑草地的地域和空间的异质性以及区域经济发展水平的差异性,选择水源涵养、侵蚀控制、废物处理、滞留沙尘、生物多样性保护、养分循环、固定CO₂、释放O₂、消减SO₂、畜牧生产、文化传承和休闲旅游12项贡献率较高的功能指标,应用生态经济学原理,建立了适宜于草地生态系统服务功能经济价值的评价体系和方法,并以藏北高寒草地为例,对该方法进行了评估验证。     

禁牧封育措施改良高寒地区退化草地的效果

2003-2005年,通过对青海省玉树县上拉秀乡高寒草甸和高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地进行为期3年的禁牧封育改良试验,结果表明:禁牧封育措施对恢复高寒草甸、高寒沼泽化草甸退化草地植被有明显的效果,禁牧封育后草地中植物的盖度、高度和产草量明显提高;牧草成分发生显著变化,优良莎草科、禾本科牧草种类与产量增加,杂类草的种类、产量下降.