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51.
52.
Lindsay G Ross Judith Sanchez Blanco Carlos Martínez-Palacios Ilie S Racotta & Mayra Toledo Cuevas 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(9):909-917
Anaesthesia, sedation and transportation of the Atherinopsid, Menidia estor, were investigated using benzocaine, hypothermia and combinations of the two. The optimum dose rates of benzocaine for sedation of juvenile Chirostoma estor were 15 and 18 mg L−1. When hypothermia was used alone, stable sedation of C. estor was induced at 15 and 12°C, with no mortalities and full recovery after about 8 min. There was synergism when benzocaine and hypothermia were combined, with the optimal combination being at 15°C and 12 mg L−1 benzocaine. Successful transportation was conducted over 3.5 and 8.5 h using combined benzocaine and hypothermia. Aloe vera extract used in the transportation medium reduced scale loss. This work has, for the first time, defined a systematically derived system of safe, long distance, live transportation of this species and others of the genus Menidia. 相似文献
53.
A review of the general pharmacology of ketamine and its clinical use for injectable anaesthesia in horses 下载免费PDF全文
H. C. Lin T. Passler R. R. Wilborn J. S. Taintor F. J. Caldwell 《Equine Veterinary Education》2015,27(3):146-155
Ketamine is the most commonly used injectable anaesthetic in horses. Combinations of ketamine have been used to produce short durations of anaesthesia or as total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) for longer diagnostic or surgical procedures. In recent years, ketamine has been used for pain management due to its effectiveness in producing analgesia at subanaesthetic doses. This paper provides a review of the pharmacological effects of ketamine in general and its clinical use for injectable anaesthesia and pain management in horses. 相似文献
54.
《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2022,49(5):468-472
ObjectiveTo evaluate the sedative effects of a combination of sufentanil and midazolam administered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) prior to induction of anesthesia with propofol in New Zealand White rabbits.Study designProspective, randomized, crossover, experimental study.AnimalsA total of 11 adult New Zealand White rabbits.MethodsSufentanil (0.5 μg kg–1) and midazolam (2 mg kg–1) were administered to rabbits via IM or IN route. The righting reflex was assessed, and sedation was scored. Heart rate, respiratory rate (fR) and temperature were recorded prior to treatment administration and after loss of the righting reflex.ResultsMeasured variables remained within normal physiologic ranges for all rabbits. The only statistically significant change was for fR, which was significantly lower after sedation for both routes. The time to loss of righting reflex was 14.8 ± 6.5 and 12.5 ± 7.4 minutes and sedation scores were 6 (4–8) and 7 (6–8) for IM and IN routes, respectively, with no difference between treatments. No adverse effects were observed during the experimental period.Conclusions and clinical relevanceSufentanil combined with midazolam administered either IM or IN resulted in moderate to deep sedation in New Zealand White rabbits at the dose rates studied. 相似文献
55.
Serum concentrations and effects of detomidine delivered orally to horses in three different mediums
Edward C Ramsay DVM Diplomate ACZM Dennis Geiser† DVM Diplomate ABVP Wyndee Carter‡ BS & Thomas Tobin‡ MVB PhD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2002,29(4):219-222
Objective To compare the effect of orally delivered detomidine on head posture when administered alone or in combination with two different food items, and to determine the serum concentrations of detomidine after oral delivery. Study Design Prospective randomized experimental study. Animals Fifteen adult grade mares weighing 328–537 kg. Methods The horses were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups (five horses each). The groups were given detomidine (0.06 mg kg?1): alone; mixed with 3 mL of an apple sauce and gum mixture; or mixed with 3 mL molasses. Head droop, measured before treatment and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 minutes after treatment, was used to evaluate sedation. Yohimbine (0.1 mg kg?1 IV) was administered after the 90‐minute evaluation. Blood samples were collected from the detomidine‐alone group before treatment and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes after treatment. Sera were analyzed for detomidine equivalent concentrations by an ELISA. Head droop percentages were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Significant mean head droop developed in each treatment group by 30 minutes and persisted until reversal with yohimbine. After yohimbine administration, head positions returned to 87–91% of pre‐treatment levels. There were no significant differences among the oral treatment groups at any time. Mean serum detomidine equivalents increased slowly until 45‐minute post‐administration, but never exceeded 30 ng mL?1. Conclusions Orally administered detomidine results in measurable serum drug concentrations using any of the delivery mediums investigated, and can be expected to produce profound head droop in horses approximately 45 minutes after administration. 相似文献
56.
James Kusmierczyk Corey R. Wall Sharman Hoppes Christine M. Budke Kathy A. Spaulding 《Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine》2013,22(3):251-257
Computed tomography (CT) is an increasingly available and valuable imaging modality for the diagnosis of companion avian pets. Previously, CT studies of birds required general anesthesia with inhalant anesthetics. Owing to the risks associated with general anesthesia, the authors of this article investigated the effect of sedation on birds during a CT examination. In this study, 10 psittacine birds were imaged using a 40-slice helical CT scanner. Birds were sedated with midazolam and butorphanol and placed in a positioning device. Following the initial study, birds were removed from the device and placed under general anesthesia with isoflurane. A second study was then performed. Two radiologists, blinded to the identity of the birds and partially blinded to the conditions of the study, reviewed the images. Studies were evaluated using a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. Each question was scored on a Likert scale. A Wilcoxon signed rank test compared scores of sedated and anesthetized birds. A significant difference (P = 0.05) between sedated and anesthetized studies was found for 2 of 18 (11.1%) questions for radiologist 1 and 1 of 18 (5.5%) questions for radiologist 2, with differences identified in the scleral ossicles and the femoral heads. Interrater agreement for all questions using a linearly weighted κ was 0.334 and 0.311 for sedated and anesthetized birds, respectively, indicating fair agreement. The interrater agreement, excluding the head and musculoskeletal system, was 0.381 for sedated animals, indicating fair agreement, and 0.404 for anesthetized birds, indicating moderate agreement. Based on our results, performing CT studies in birds with sedation is a viable alternative to studies performed under general anesthesia. 相似文献
57.
Alonso G.P. Guedes Caitlin C. Tearney Alessia Cenani Fabio Aristizabal Jorge Nieto 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):273-280
Objective
To compare postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine on recovery characteristics from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses.Study design
Randomized, crossover study.Animals
Six geldings, mean ± standard deviation (SD) (range), 17 ± 4 (11–24) years and 527 ± 80 (420–660) kg.Methods
Horses were anesthetized with sevoflurane for 60 minutes under standardized conditions for a regional limb perfusion study. In recovery, horses were administered either xylazine (200 μg kg?1) or dexmedetomidine (0.875 μg kg?1) intravenously. Recoveries were unassisted and were video-recorded for later evaluation of recovery events and quality by two individuals unaware of treatment allocation. Recovery quality was assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 = poor recovery, 100 = excellent recovery), the Edinburgh Scoring System (ESS) (0–100; 100 = excellent recovery) and the mean attempt interval (MAI) (longer = better). Data are mean ± SD.Results
All recovery quality assessments (xylazine and dexmedetomidine, respectively: VAS: 71 ± 21 mm, 84 ± 13 mm; ESS: 65 ± 22, 67 ± 30; MAI: 52 ± 24 minutes, 60 ± 32 minutes) and events (first limb movement: 37 ± 8 minutes, 42 ± 10 minutes; first attempt to lift head: 44 ± 12 minutes, 48 ± 9 minutes; first attempt to sternal posture: 57 ± 28 minutes, 50 ± 7 minutes; number of head bangs: 2.0 ± 3.0, 0.5 ± 0.5; time to first attempt to stand: 72 ± 6 minutes, 78 ± 13 minutes; time to standing: 79 ± 14 minutes, 84 ± 13 minutes) did not differ significantly between treatments (p > 0.05).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Recovery characteristics did not differ significantly between postanesthetic xylazine and dexmedetomidine following 1 hour of sevoflurane anesthesia in horses in this study. Further evaluations in more horses and in younger horses are required to confirm these results. 相似文献58.
Ignacio Lizarraga Fernanda Castillo-Alcala Lauren S. Robinson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):509-517
Objective
To assess and compare the sedative and antinociceptive effects of four dosages of dexmedetomidine in donkeys.Study design
Randomized, controlled, crossover, Latin-square, blinded study.Animals
Six healthy, castrated, adult, standard donkeys.Methods
Dexmedetomidine (2, 3, 4 and 5 μg kg?1; D2, D3, D4 and D5), acepromazine (0.1 mg kg?1) and saline were administered intravenously to each donkey and a 1 week interval was allowed between successive trials on each animal. Sedation scores (SS) and head heights above ground (HHAG) were used to assess sedation and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing to assess antinociception over 120 minutes post-treatment. Areas under the curve (AUC) for 0–30, 30–60 and 60–120 minutes were computed to compare the effect of treatments.Results
SS-AUC0–30 values were larger for D4 and D5, and SS-AUC30–60 values were larger for D5 than for saline. All dexmedetomidine treatments produced lower HHAG-AUC0–30 and HHAG-AUC30–60 values, and acepromazine produced lower HHAG AUC60–120 values than did saline. For MNT, D3, D4 and D5 increased AUC0–30 and AUC30–60 values compared with saline and also AUC0–30 values compared with D2 and acepromazine. Smaller MNT-AUC30–60 values were obtained with D2 than with D4 and D5, with D3 than with D5, and with acepromazine than with D4 and D5.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Dexmedetomidine induced sedation and dosage-dependent mechanical antinociception. Larger dexmedetomidine dose rates were required to induce antinociception than sedation. Furthermore, the antinociception induced by dexmedetomidine was of shorter duration than its sedation. For minor painful procedures on standing donkeys, D5 may be clinically useful to provide sedation and analgesia. 相似文献59.
Standing surgical procedures are performed commonly in horses under sedation. The use of a xylazine and remifentanil combination has not been investigated in horses. We proposed to evaluate behavioral and cardiopulmonary effects of an intravenous (IV) infusion of xylazine with remifentanil for sedation in horses. Xylazine (0.8 mg/kg IV) followed in 3 minutes by remifentanil (0.0005 mg/kg IV), and a constant rate infusion of xylazine and remifentanil (0.65 mg/kg/h; 0.0225 mg/kg/h, respectively) was administered in three horses. Heart rate, respiratory rate (RR), arterial blood pressures, quality of sedation, pH, partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2), partial pressure of arterial O2 (PaO2), ataxia, sedation, and sedation overall outcome were assessed. Heart rate and RR remained within normal values during sedation without significant changes from baseline. Systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures were increased during sedation. There were no significant changes in pH, PaCO2, and PaO2. Sedation developed immediately after injection of xylazine in the three horses but did not increase after remifentanil bolus or IV infusion of both drugs. None of the mares had ataxia. Adverse effects during and after sedation were present: excitement, increase in locomotor activity, and decrease in the gastrointestinal motility. The combination of xylazine and remifentanil sedation protocol produces adverse effects. This protocol cannot be recommended for clinical conditions, at the described doses. 相似文献
60.