南瓜保健肠的工艺研究

[目的]探索一种适合糖尿病患者食用的方便肉制品,在满足营养需求的同时,有助于糖尿病患者的营养治疗。[方法]将新鲜南瓜、新鲜胡萝卜、木糖醇等添加到香肠中,开发出一种果蔬复合香肠,利用正交试验与感官评定确定主要原料的配方。[结果]试验确定主要原料的配方:南瓜21%、胡萝卜13.5%、木糖醇4.3%,大豆蛋白4%,该工艺配方条件下制得的南瓜保健香肠产品质量和各项指标均达到肉制品国家标准,且脂肪含量降低,维生素和微量元素升高,均衡营养,具有一定的保健作用。[结论]试验制得的南瓜保健肠丰富了香肠的营养,同时起到降糖的作用,特别适合糖尿病患者食用,具有良好的开发前景。     

Textural and Sensory Properties of Fish Sausage from Rainbow Trout

The aim of this study was to determine the textural and sensory properties of fish sausage which were prepared from refrigerated and frozen rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) and stored for 14 days at 0?4 °C. These two groups of sausages were compared for texture, physical, and sensory properties by carrying out texture profile analysis (TPA), shear test, water holding capacity (WHC), cook loss, color, and sensory analyses. According to TPA and shear test, sausages prepared from frozen fillets exhibited a texture significantly (p < 0.05) weaker than those prepared from refrigerated fillets, but no difference in overall liking was observed.     

肠衣加工过程中拉伸特性和色差变化分析

【目的】研究肠衣在生产过程中品质特性变化,以期更好地开发利用肠衣资源。【方法】选取几个工艺点,用质构仪测定肠衣的拉伸性变化,色差计测定肠衣的色差变化。【结果】肠衣在加工过程中,随着加工时间推移,拉伸阻力先呈明显上升趋势,但肠衣腌制后拉伸阻力又出现明显的下降趋势;L＊（亮度）值在腌制之前呈明显下降趋势,腌制后则呈明显上升趋势;b＊（黄度）值在贮藏两年后才出现明显上升趋势。【结论】肠衣在腌制后和经长时间贮藏后拉伸特性和色差均会发生明显变化。     

Effects of Meat and Phosphate Level on Water-Holding Capacity and Texture of Emulsion-Type Sausage During Storage

This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork and frozen pork were pre-blended with five levels of phosphate and made into emulsion-type sausage. The yield, hardness and total expressible fluid （TEF） were measured with texture profile analysis machine and pressiometer when emulsion-type sausage was produced. Meanwhile, hardness and purge loss （PL） were measured during 30 d storage. As emusion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, higher yield and relatively stable hardness could be found. It indicated that increasing of phosphate level caused an alleviatable effects in increasing of hardness when emulsion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, but opposite effects made by ageing meat or frozen meat. The distribution of PL of emulsion-type sausage was found to be affected by phosphate addition. Significant decrease of PL could not be obtained by increasing of phosphate level during storage. Pre-rigor meat improved WHC and texture of emulsion-type sausage. Problem of WHC and texture of emulsiontype sausage during storage could not be resolved by single use of phosphate at relatively higher level （3%） of NaCl.     

米糠膳食纤维对熏煮香肠质构的影响

将米糠膳食纤维添加到熏煮香肠中替代部分脂肪,得到低脂香肠,米糠膳食纤维在肠馅中的添加量分别为0%,1%,3%,5%,7%,9%,11%。通过感官评定和TPA测定,对添加不同比例膳食纤维的香肠进行质构分析,结果表明膳食纤维的添加量为9%时,香肠的质构和口感较好。TPA压缩测定中的硬度、黏聚性、弹性和咀嚼性分别达到137.32N,0.59,2.84,864.51g,与普通市售香肠的132.58N,0.56,3.01,685.46g相近。     

Properties of Fish Sausages Containing Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Roe Oil and Defatted Roe Protein Hydrolysate during Refrigerated Storage

Influence of emulsified or non-emulsified common carp roe oil (CRO) and carp defatted roe hydrolysate (CDRH) on properties of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) sausages was determined during 30-day storage at 4°C. Sausages containing CRO and CDRH were lighter and had better textural properties including hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. These textural attributes were significantly higher in the sample prepared with pre-emulsified CRO and 7 g/100 g CDRH (p < 0.05). The sausages fortified with CDRH also presented better microstructure, as evidenced by fewer voids and smaller oil droplets. When incorporated at 7 g/100 g, CDRH could significantly reduce microbial spoilage in sausages in terms of the total viable count and the psychrophilic bacterial count (p < 0.05); however, pre-emulsification had no significant effect on antibacterial activity of hydrolysate in the samples (p > 0.05). Sausages with pre-emulsified roe oil and 7 g/100 g hydrolysate were more resistant against lipid oxidation and had a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid after 30 days of storage at 4°C. Furthermore, the sausages with pre-emulsified CRO and 7 g/100 g CDRH exhibited better organoleptic properties at day 30.     

广式腊肠干燥及贮藏过程中主要理化特性的变化

为了准确把握和控制广式腊肠加工贮藏过程中脂肪氧化和水解反应引起的理化指标和风味等变化,本文系统研究了烘烤和传统日晒两种加工方式生产出的广式腊肠的酸价、过氧化值、含水率等理化指标的变化。结果表明:加工过程中烘烤肠含水量、酸价及过氧化值的变化速度较日晒肠大,而贮藏过程中,日晒腊肠的酸价及过氧化值的变化速度高于烘烤腊肠。真空包装对酸价无明显抑制,但对过氧化值有明显的抑制作用。贮藏温度与酸价和过氧化值呈正相关,但在100d的贮藏期内广式腊肠的过氧化值均未超过国家标准,而无论是日晒肠还是烘干肠的酸价,即使在10℃抽真空包装的理想贮藏条件下,在60d和80d时分别超过了国家标准。烘烤腊肠在30℃散装贮藏条件下保质期为20d,添加0.15%瓜尔豆胶及0.15%硬脂酰乳酸钠可使腊肠保质期延长到60d左右。     

苜蓿粒复合灌肠的研制

选取大豆组织蛋白、苜蓿粒、变性淀粉三因素进行响应曲面（Response Surface Methodology, RSM）试验设计，研究了不同添加量对苜蓿粒灌肠出品率和质构特性的影响，并优化了添加量。结果显示，产品的出品率为97%～121%；灌肠的黏着性受苜蓿粒和大豆组织蛋白的影响(P<0.05)，大豆组织蛋白和变性淀粉的二次模型形式对黏着性产生影响 (P<0.01)；苜蓿粒和变性淀粉都与大豆组织蛋白交互作用于灌肠的黏着性 (P<0.01)；灌肠的凝聚性受大豆组织蛋白的影响(P<0.05)；优化后的最佳添加量为苜蓿粒8%、大豆组织蛋白3%、淀粉2%。     

外源酶在羊肉发酵香肠的应用研究

选用外源酶脂酶、酸性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶分别添加到羊肉发酵香肠中,测定了3种酶对表征发酵香肠成熟的2个指标(非蛋白氮(NPN)和游离脂肪酸(FFA))的影响,发现3种酶不同程度地加速脂肪和蛋白质降解。结果表明,脂酶添加量为0.003%,酸性蛋白酶添加量为0.002%,风味蛋白酶添加量为0.005%。     

Prevalence of Listeria species in camel sausages from retail markets in Aydin province in Turkey and RAPD analysis of Listeria monocytogenesisolates

Samples were taken from 100 camel sausages from the different retail markets in Aydin province in the south-west of Turkey and they were tested for the presence of Listeria spp by biochemical methods. Samples were enriched using Listeria Enrichment Broth and they were inoculated onto Listeria Selective Agar. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from nine samples (9%), Listeria innocua from 14 samples (14%) and Listeria welshimeri from two samples(2%). A 701 bp fragment of listeriolysin O sequence for L. monocytogenes was amplified using specific primers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for confirmation of the identification. A random primer (OPA-11) was used in a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. This detected five different band profiles amongst the L. monocytogenes isolates, indicating a relatively large amount of genetic heterogeneity amongst the nine isolates. The study has highlighted the need for improved strategies for food safety, in particular appropriate hygienic precautions to avoid contamination of sausage during the manufacturing process and appropriate preservation techniques during storage and transport, to prevent transmission of Listeria spp to consumers at home and abroad.