不合格血标本护理相关因素原因分析与对策

目的：结合临床实践经验,探讨临床检验中不合格血液标本的原因并制定相应的整改措施,降低血标本不合格率。方法：选取山东省肿瘤医院普外科2013年6月-12月入院患者的血标本,对不合格血标本进行原因分析,2014年1月-6月针对分析的问题进行改进,计算血标本不合格率。结果：通过分析上半年不合格血标本的原因并实施相应措施,下半年血标本不合格率由0.83%降低到0.54%。结论：根据检验科室筛选的不合格标本分析,规范护理人员操作,缩短物业人员运送标本的时间,避免途中剧烈震动,可以有效降低血标本不合格率。     

Using 20-gauge percutaneous peripheral catheters to reliably collect serial 4-mL blood samples from conscious dogs

Objective To determine the reliability of collecting serial 4-mL blood samples over 13 h using a 20-gauge, cephalic catheter in conscious dogs. Design Prospective, observational study. Animals Twelve (6 males, 6 females) healthy, neutered, lean dogs. Procedure Percutaneous placement of a 20-gauge, 1.1 × 30 mm intravenous over-the-needle catheter into the cephalic vein was performed in each dog on three occasions. Catheter patency was maintained by intermittent flushing with 0.9% saline and 1 IU/mL heparinised saline solutions. Blood samples (4 mL) were obtained at 10 time-points over 13 h, with close monitoring of the dogs and the indwelling catheters. Blood volume, resistance on aspirating blood sample (minimal or marked resistance) and the methods used to improve blood flow were recorded. Results A high proportion (93%) of blood sample collections achieved the required 4-mL volume, and the remaining samples were greater than 1.5 mL. Of the 358 collections via the cephalic catheter, 311 (87%) were obtained with ‘minimal resistance’. The remaining collections had ‘marked resistance’ (n=47) and were associated with a loose catheter in 11% (5/47) and of unknown cause in 89% (42/47). After ‘marked resistance’ had been encountered and the catheter was flushed with saline and heparin solutions, subsequent sampling with ‘minimal resistance’ was frequently possible from the same catheter. Conclusion Use of a percutaneous, 20-gauge intravenous cephalic catheter allowed reliable serial collection of 4-mL blood samples over 13 h in conscious dogs.     

Trace Element Analysis via Open‐Vessel or Microwave‐Assisted Digestion in Calcareous Mediterranean Soils

Abstract

Different digestion methods can be applied for analyzing trace elements in soils. Selection of the most useful and convenient method is critical for the adequate determination of their concentrations in each type of soil to appropriately detect potential environmental pollution. Open‐vessel digestion using a digester block (method 1) and microwave‐assisted digestion (method 2) were compared using a certified reference material (CRM) with similar properties and characteristics to calcareous Mediterranean soils. Both methods were contrasted in terms of accuracy by calculating the recovery of cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the CRM and precision of replicate analysis through the relative standard deviation (RSD). Recoveries from the digester block method were slightly higher than recoveries from microwave digestion because the use of perchloric acid (HClO₄), whereas RSD values for microwave digestion were generally lower but with higher measured precision than values obtained by open‐vessel digestion. The digestion methods were compared for analyzing trace elements in calcareous agricultural soils devoted to vegetable crops in the Alicante province (southeast Spain), as a representative area of the European Mediterranean region. Results of the paired‐sample t‐test showed significant differences between both methods for Co, Cr, Cu, and Pb in calcareous Mediterranean soils, whereas regression analysis indicated a good correlation between both methods for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Consequently, the choice of the digestion method is more relevant for minor elements such as Co and Cr. Microwave‐assisted digestion seems to be the best option to determine most of the trace elements in calcareous Mediterranean soils, because closed‐vessel digestion exhibited lower variability according to the RSD values obtained in the study area, particularly for Co and Cr. Trace element concentrations were in agreement with background levels, except for Cu and Pb in some soils, which seem to be related to anthropic activities.     

Digestion of plants and organic soils using nitric acid,hydrogen peroxide and UV irradiation

Abstract

A two‐step digestion procedure using HNO₃ and H₂O₂/UV irradiation is described. The samples are predigested with HNO₃, succeeded by digestion in H₂O₂ under UV irradiation. The maximum temperature is 150°C. The digestion is performed without sample transfer during oxidation. The analytical data obtained by the new digestion method do not deviate from those obtained by HClO₄ digestion. The macronutrient elements including P were measured.     

Standardization of Automated Vario EL III CHNS Analyzer for Total Carbon and Nitrogen Determination in Plants

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) determination with traditional methods is more laborious and time-consuming than automated analyzers. Microprocessor-based technologies led to the development of automated analyzers and have reduced the time of analysis. However, these need to be standardized with respect to weight and mesh size of plant/organic material sample used. For standardization of Vario EL III carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) analyzer for the particle size and amount of sample, laboratory studies were carried out for C and N determination by CHNS analyzer in comparison to the traditional methods for different categories of organics such as green manure (cowpea), crop residues (rice straw), animal residues (farmyard manure), and industrial by-product (press mud). Organic samples of <0.25-mm size resulted in greater amounts of C and N with both CHNS analyzer and traditional methods than with other size groups. The C and N contents were greater with a sample weight of 5 than with 10 mg.     

Wheat Grain Nitrogen Uptake,as Affected by Soil Total and Mineral Nitrogen,for the Determination of Optimum Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates for Wheat Production

Determination of appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilization for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production with respect to the available resources can result in the enhanced efficiency of agricultural systems and ecosystem health. Hence, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine (1) the effects of soil total N and soil mineral N (including nitrate, NO₃-N, and ammonium, NH₄-N) measured at seeding and postseeding for wet and dry soil samples at 0- to-30 cm and 0- to 60-cm depths on wheat grain N uptake and (2) the regression equations that can best explain the variation in wheat grain N uptake by N fertilizer and soil total and mineral N. Determination of wheat grain N uptake as affected by soil NO₃-N in areas with reasonable amounts of organic matter can also be used as a very useful tool for determination of appropriate N fertilization, which is of great agricultural and environmental implications.     

不同浓度盐溶液及盐渍土对毛细水上升影响的研究

通过观测毛细水上升速度和高度,研究不同浓度盐溶液和盐渍土对毛细水上升的影响,并对这些影响因素进行机理分析。研究结果表明:同一颗粒级配下不同浓度盐溶液毛细水上升在初始阶段受盐浓度的影响较大,最终上升高度随浓度的增加而下降;盐渍土毛细水上升高度低于无盐土样,开始阶段盐渍土毛细水上升速度低于无盐土样,随着时间的推移上升速度趋于一致。     

一种改进型麦克马斯特虫卵计数板的应用效果研究

为了评价一种改进型麦克马斯特虫卵计数板的性能,利用改进型麦克马斯特虫卵计数板和经典麦克马斯特虫卵计数板对兔粪便样品和球虫卵囊悬液样品进行计数和比较分析。结果显示,用饱和氯化钠溶液作为漂浮液,改进型麦克马斯特虫卵计数板能对卵囊悬液样品和2~5 g固体粪便样品中球虫卵囊进行准确计数,与麦克马斯特虫卵计数板计数结果的符合率为95.59%~99.49%;用自来水作为悬浮液,改进型麦克马斯特虫卵计数板能对卵囊悬液样品和0.3~0.5 g固体粪便样品中球虫卵囊进行准确计数。本研究发现,改进型麦克马斯特虫卵计数板对临床和实验室样品中虫卵能进行准确计数,而且比经典麦克马斯特虫卵计数板具有更强大的检测功能。     

透射电镜制样中几种乙酸铀染色方案对结构图像清晰度的影响

[目的]比较几种乙酸铀染色方案对生物样品图像清晰度的影响。[方法]用低浓度的铀溶液对样品整体预染色,切片后再双染色,并与常规制样双染色方法比较,探讨预染色步骤对组织结构成像清晰度的影响。[结果]预染色步骤显著提高了样品图像的清晰度;高浓度(4%)短时间(3 min)铀染效果和中浓度(2%)长时间(2 h)铀染效果相当。[结论]高浓度铀染可有效缩短工作时间。     

红松生长发育规律研究

红松在1a中高生长主要分为三个阶段，开始生长期(5月初-5月20日)，生长速生期(5月20日-6月5日)，生长末期(6月5日-6月20日)，部分红松二次高生长出现在8月5日-9月10日。各期高生长与各期积温关系密切。15a红松高生长分为缓苗期(3a生苗造林后4a内)、加快期(造林后5—8a内)、速生期(造林后9—12a)。速生期内，树高连年生长量平均达40cm，最大者达90cm。树高近5a定期生长量及15a总平均生长量均是北亚区大于南亚区，南亚区大于中亚区，但是，近3a、2a、当年生长量都是南亚区大于北亚区、北亚区大于中亚区。