Genetic variation and inheritance in a 9 × 9 diallel in silver birch (Betula pendula)

A complete diallel cross was made among nine Betula pendula trees growing in a natural population and a trial was planted on agricultural soil at one site. This exceptional trial has provided estimates of genetic parameters that can only be estimated in complete diallels. Traits measured were height and diameter during a period of 37 years, and assessments were made of bud burst, leaf abscission and rust infection at the early ages. All traits showed genetic variation and the variance components of general combining ability (GCA) effects were dominating, with heritability estimates of 0.16 and 0.23 for height and diameter at age six years. The best-growing families could be identified at that age. At age 37 years, when the trial had been thinned twice, the offspring from the highest and lowest ranked parent for growth contributed with 19% and 6% of the total volume of the stand, respectively. The GCA effects were also highly significant for the assessment traits, but with an interaction with year for bud burst. High values of estimates of genetic correlations proved that bud burst, leaf abscission and rust infection are interrelated, and also to some extent with growth traits. Families with an early bud burst were tallest, were less affected by the rust fungus and kept their leaves later in the autumn.     

基于深度学习的小麦条锈病病害等级识别

目的 为提高小麦条锈病危害程度分级精度,开展小麦条锈病病害等级自动化、准确、快速识别方法研究。方法 在复杂田间条件下,使用手机拍摄图像,构建含有不同等级条锈病的小麦叶片数据集,利用GrabCut与YOLOv5s相结合的方法进行小麦叶片与复杂背景自动化分割。为了增强ResNet50对表型特征的提取能力,增加Inception模块,依据划分的小麦条锈病病害等级标准,对小麦条锈病病害等级进行识别。采用准确率、查全率、查准率等评价指标分析改进的ResNet50模型(B-ResNet50)在数据集上的表现。结果 GrabCut与YOLOv5s相结合对大田复杂背景下的小麦叶片图像实现了自动、准确、快速地分割。B-ResNet50识别小麦条锈病叶片的平均准确率为97.3%,与InceptionV3(87.8%)、DenseNet121(87.6%)、ResNet50(88.3%)相比,准确率大幅提升,比原始模型(ResNet50)高出9个百分点。结论 利用深度学习对小麦条锈病病害等级进行识别,对防治小麦条锈病的精准施药具有重要意义,可为田间复杂条件下小麦条锈病的防治提供技术支持。     

Inheritance of temperature-sensitive leaf rust resistance and adult plant stripe rust resistance in common wheat cultivar PBW343

Genetic analysis of common wheat cultivar PBW343 confirmed temperature-sensitive leaf rust resistance and adult plant stripe rust resistance. At low temperatures, PBW343 was resistant to P. triticina (Ptr) pathotype (pt.) 121R63-1, and at high temperature it was resistant to Ptr pt. 121R127. The low temperature resistance to pt. 121R63-1 was attributed to interaction between dominant and recessive genes. The dominant gene involved in low-temperature resistance to pt. 121R63-1 also conferred resistance to pt. 45R35. The high-temperature resistance to Ptr pt. 121R127 was governed by a different single partially dominant gene. Agra Local (a commonly used susceptible check) and IWP94 (a leaf rust differential used in India) are also resistant to pt. 121R127 at high temperatures. An allelism test indicated that PBW343 and IWP94 possessed a common gene for high temperature resistance to this pathotype. The adult plant stripe rust resistance against P. striiformis (Pst) was possibly conferred by one gene in addition to Yr27.     

Genetic analysis of partial resistance to coffee leaf rust ( Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br.) introgressed into the cultivated Coffea arabica L. from the diploid C. canephora species

The objective of this study was to identify polymorphic molecular markers associated with partial resistance to coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastarix. A segregating F ₂ population derived from a cross between the susceptible Coffea arabica cv. Caturra and a C. canephora-introgressed Arabica line exhibiting high partial resistance was analyzed. Rust resistance measured as rust incidence (RI) and defoliation (DEF) was evaluated in field conditions in three consecutive years (2003–2005). During the 2003 season, which was characterized by favorable conditions for a rust epidemic, the F ₂ plants exhibited different levels of resistance ranging from very susceptible (50.1% for DEF and 49.5% for RI) to highly partial resistance (9.1% for DEF and 3.7% for RI). Molecular analysis enabled identification of seven polymorphic markers (5 AFLP and 2 SSR) exhibiting significant association with partial resistance. Coexistence of resistance homozygous alleles (RR) at codominant SSR loci was correlated with high resistance. This study is the first attempt to develop PCR-based sequence specific markers linked to partial rust resistance in coffee.     

寡糖诱导向日葵抗锈病超微结构

 【目的】利用电子显微镜技术研究寡糖处理向日葵植株后对锈菌侵染的抑制作用,以揭示寡糖诱发子在细胞学水平的作用机理。【方法】通过寡糖喷雾处理向日葵叶片,2 d后接种锈菌,利用扫描和透射电镜对寄主及病原菌超微结构进行了研究。【结果】诱导处理后有部分夏胞子向内凹陷,萌发受到抑制。寄主细胞对于病原菌的侵入产生了防卫反应结构和物质。表现为寄主细胞壁加厚,染色加深,寄主细胞壁下产生黑色物质沉积;吸器壁加厚,吸器外间质变宽,部分吸器畸形坏死;细胞器变形、空泡化,最终寄主细胞解体、坏死。【结论】寡糖处理对病原菌有一定的抑制作用并可诱导向日葵产生对锈病的抗病性。     

小麦重组自交系成株抗条锈性QTL分析

 【目的】对小麦成株期条锈病抗性进行数量性状位点（QTL）分析。【方法】以小麦重组自交系内乡188/偃展1号为材料,在连续两年田间充分发病的情况下,分别用病程曲线下面积（Area Under Disease Progress Curve,AUDPC）和反应型（Infection Type,IT）2种病情指标,通过复合区间作图,分析成株抗条锈性的加性QTL、上位性互作及其分别与环境的互作效应（QTL×environment interaction,QE）。【结果】两年共检测到9个加性抗性QTL,其中使用AUDPC和IT共检测到2个相同的QTL;9个QTL中,5个具有环境互作效应。还检测到7对上位性互作的QTL,其中2对具有环境互作效应。采用AUDPC数据,检测到的QTL能够解释表型的62.05%,其中主要为加性效应（44.32%）和上位性互作效应（17.73%）,环境互作很小（0.42%）。采用IT数据,总共检测到的QTL解释了表型变异的37.53%,其中加性效应和上位性互作效应分别解释了23.94%和10.51%,与环境互作解释了3.08%。【结论】内乡188的抗条锈性是由多个位点控制的,在感病亲本偃展1号中也存在抗性QTL;位于3B和6D染色体上的QTL为2个新的成株期抗性条锈位点;非抗性位点间存在上位性互作效应。     

抗条锈病小麦品系Taichuang29*6/Yr5接种条锈菌CY32后的蛋白质组学分析

 【目的】了解抗条锈小麦受条锈菌侵染后的蛋白表达变化情况,采用比较蛋白质组学技术鉴定接种条锈菌小种CY32后的抗条锈小麦品系 Taichuang29*6/Yr5和同时期未接种对照之间的差异蛋白。【方法】提取接种48 h和同期未接种小麦的叶片蛋白,进行双向电泳分离和分析,选取差异显著的蛋白点进行MALDI-TOF质谱分析及数据库搜索鉴定。【结果】发现13个体积百分比变化大于1.5倍,符合t检验（P＜0.05）的显著差异蛋白点,通过MALDI-TOF MS获得了这些差异蛋白点的肽指纹图谱,经数据库搜索,共鉴定出11个蛋白,包括Pathogenesis-related homeodomain protein,beta-glucosidase,glutathione transferase等。【结论】经蛋白质功能分析,推测小麦叶片中这些差异蛋白可能与条锈菌小种CY32的侵染有关。     

羟锈宁、粉锈宁防治小麦叶锈病研究初报

本试验在温室内用有效成分浓度25、50和100ppm的羟锈宁和粉锈中浸种,对种子的发芽势和发芽率没有明显影响,浸种对开始出土的幼苗有一定的抑制作用,但后期长势无明显差别,而叶片稍浓绿,似有一定的壮苗作用,浸种后防效达64.2—99.8%.100ppm羟锈宁的保护作用在3天内可达92.5%,到第7天下降至72.2%.羟锈宁的治疗作用比较明显,在叶锈菌侵入寄生后的6天内防效显著,100ppm羟锈宁的治疗效果为100%,有效成份浓度100ppm的羟锈宁和粉锈宁,对小麦没有药害.     

毛白杨不同无性系苗木抗锈性的初步研究

通过田间自然发病，调查了不同无性系，不同起源无性系，不同类型间无性系毛白杨苗木抗叶锈性差异。调查结果表明，不同毛白杨无性系苗木抗锈性差异较大。３０８，４０号无性系最抗病，其发病率为０；３９号无性系感病重，其发病率为７１．８％，感病指数为３２．７，不同起源的毛白杨无性系感染叶锈病的程度也不同；毛白杨杂种感病最轻，实生无性系毛白杨感病，不同类型的毛白杨无性系苗木锈病的发生程度也有差异。这些抗锈性差异，