饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响北大核心CSCD

本研究旨在探究饲粮蛋白质水平对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌菌群结构及功能的影响。试验选取18只12月龄健康、平均体重为(31.71±0.72)kg的藏系绵羊羯羊,随机分为3组,每组6只,分别饲喂代谢能相近而蛋白质含量不同(LP组,10.06%CP;MP组,12.10%CP;HP组,14.12%CP)的饲粮,试验为期120 d,包括15 d的预饲期和105 d的正试期。结果表明:1)LP组藏系绵羊的终末体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著低于MP组和HP组(P<0.05),而料重比显著高于MP组和HP组(P<0.05)。2)3组18个瘤胃液样品共产生1547415条有效序列,聚类后共得到4073个OTUs。饲粮蛋白质水平并没有对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌多样性指数产生显著性影响(P>0.05)。3)在门分类水平上,藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢霉亚门和新美鞭菌门等;在属分类水平上,瘤胃真菌优势菌属为青霉属、无茎真菌属、枝孢属、镰孢霉属和链格孢属等。4)采用LEfSe方法对各个分类水平上丰度有显著差异的微生物进行比较分析,共筛选到33个符合生物标记物的真菌菌群。5)基于FUNGuid对藏系绵羊瘤胃真菌群落的营养型进行功能预测,发现腐生营养型是最主要的营养型。以上结果表明,适当提高饲粮中蛋白质水平可以显著提高藏系绵羊的生长性能,但对瘤胃真菌菌群的多样性和结构组成并未产生明显的影响。     

Intraruminal administration of milk in the calf as a model for ruminal drinking: Morphological and enzymatical changes in the jejunal mucosa

In order to develop a calf model for studying the syndrome of ruminal drinking (RD) in veal calves, three dual-fistulated calves were used to test the effect of intraruminal administration of milk replacer on the jejunal mucosa. Biopsies of the proximal jejunal mucosa were taken through a jejunal fistula and the mucosal morphology and the activities of two brush border enzymes, lactase and alkaline phosphatase, were determined.Means of villus length and brush border enzyme activities decreased during the period of intraruminal administration of milk. The hyperplastic villus atrophy in this model was similar to that found in chronic RD patients in previous studies. This could not be associated with isolation of pathogenic micro-organisms from the faeces and is probably the consequence of the intraruminal milk feeding procedure itself.Clinical recovery from the signs of RD occurred rapidly after intraruminal administration of milk ceased and was followed by restoration of villus length and brush border enzyme activities 3–4 weeks later.     

Microbial dynamics in an anaerobic soil slurry amended with glucose, and their dependence on geochemical processes

Under anoxic conditions, microbial activities interact closely with geochemical reactions and consequently affect soils, underlying aquifers, and the atmosphere. Recent studies have noted the relationships between microbial biodiversity and environmental conditions, but the dynamics of numerous coexisting microbial groups in connection with soil biogeochemical processes has never been investigated. In this work, we investigated the dynamics of anaerobic microbial populations using a new method combining PCR-SSCP and epifluorescent direct counts, and analysed these results in the light of biogeochemical changes. Batch incubations were performed over an 8-day period on a calcic cambisol (WRB) incubated anaerobically, either without amendment (treatment C) or after adding glucose (treatment +G). In treatment +G, the predominant microbial processes included (i) NO₃⁻ and NO₂⁻ reduction during the first 12 and 24 h of incubation respectively, (ii) fermentations during the first 6 days with non-symbiotic N₂ fixation between days 1 and 6, enabling bacterial growth during this period, and probably (iii) reduction of FeIII by H₂ oxidation throughout the incubation period. In treatment C, microbiological and geochemical measurements revealed no prominent microbial activities, and the PCR-SSCP method led to complex bacterial density profiles without prominent peaks. In treatment +G, 78 microbial groups were distinguished; these were divided into seven sets (A to G) according to their dynamics. Bacteria belonging to sets A, E and F grew during the period of intense fermentation and were probably able to fix N₂, as is the case with Clostridium butyricum (set A). Bacteria belonging to sets B, D, and G were probably able to reduce FeIII to FeII with concomitant oxidation of H₂ into H₃O⁺, but unable to fix N₂. Two microbial groups in these sets were closely related to Clostridium favosporum (set B) and the genus Bacillus (set B). Bacteria belonging to class C were probably only able to reduce N oxide(s). Lastly, we obtained two similar estimates of the gross increase in microbial biomass by taking into account either (i) the sum of gross increases for the 78 microbial groups, or (ii) the energy yield of catabolic reactions minus the energy requirement for N₂ fixation.     

石榴皮多酚提取物对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒相关有害因子的影响

本文通过建立体外亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA)模型,研究不同添加水平的石榴皮多酚提取物(pomegranate peel polyphenol extract,PPPE)对SARA相关有害因子的影响.试验采用单因素试验设计,PPPE设3个添加水平,即分别为发酵底物质量的...     

不同水平整粒棉籽对肉牛瘤胃机能的影响

以3头体重600±100 kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的7岁西杂阉牛为研究对象,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究日粮中不同整粒棉籽水平对肉牛瘤胃机能的影响.3种试验日粮分别为饲喂基础日粮的对照组(CT);含13%整粒棉籽中棉籽组(MC);含25%整粒棉籽高棉籽组(HC).研究结果显示,与处理CT相比,处理MC、HC的pH平均值略有降低(-0.11、-0.09),各处理在同一个时间点的pH值变化不显著(P＞0.05).处理MC的NH3-N浓度平均值最高(7.01 mmol/L);与处理CT相比,处理MC的NH3-N浓度平均值上升0.29 mmol/L,处理HC的NH3-N浓度平均值下降0.07 mmol/L.与处理CT相比,处理MC、HC的总VFA浓度分别提高7.4%、3.5%,乙酸和丙酸浓度平均值也较处理CT有所提高,而丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值比处理CT低;3种日粮间的乙酸/丙酸的平均值存在着显著性差异(P＜0.05),其平均值分别为4.49、4.35、4.05.添加整粒棉籽会显著降低稻草和棉籽中养分的有效降解率EDP(P＜0.05).     

Effects of the ruminal comminution rate and microbial contamination of particles on accuracy of in situ estimates of ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of feedstuffs

Effects of considering the comminution rate (k_c) and the correction of microbial contamination (using ¹⁵N techniques) of particles in the rumen on estimates of ruminally undegraded fractions and their intestinal digestibility were examined generating composite samples (from rumen‐incubated residues) representative of the undegraded feed rumen outflow. The study used sunflower meal (SFM) and Italian ryegrass hay (RGH) and three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers fed with a 40:60 RGH to concentrate diet (75 g DM/kgBW^0.75). Transit studies up to the duodenum with Yb‐SFM and Eu‐RGH marked samples showed higher k_c values (/h) in SFM than in RGH (0.577 vs. 0.0892, p = 0.034), whereas similar values occurred for the rumen passage rate (k_p). Estimates of ruminally undegraded and intestinal digestibility of all tested fractions decreased when k_c was considered and also applying microbial correction. Thus, microbial uncorrected k_p‐based proportions of intestinal digested undegraded crude protein overestimated those corrected and k_c?k_p‐based by 39% in SFM (0.146 vs. 0.105) and 761% in RGH (0.373 vs. 0.0433). Results show that both k_c and microbial contamination correction should be considered to obtain accurate in situ estimates in grasses, whereas in protein concentrates not considering k_c is an important source of error.     

利用BIOLOG系统对不同种类细菌鉴定的研究

为完善细菌鉴定工作,本试验通过利用BIOLOG细菌自动微生物分析系统(简称BIOLOG系统)对13株大肠杆菌、15株巴氏杆菌和7株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了鉴定,并与传统方法[1]包括形态学观察、革兰氏染色、生化实验等的鉴定结果进行了比对.实验结果表明,与传统方法相比BIOLOG系统具有准确、快捷、简便的优点,同时也有一定的局限性,从而为BIOLOG系统的更好使用提供了实验依据.     

Effects of Antidesma thwaitesianum Muell. Arg. pomace as a source of plant secondary compounds on digestibility,rumen environment,hematology, and milk production in dairy cows

Mao pomace meal (MPM) contains condensed tannins and saponins at 92 and 98 g/kg, respectively, and these substances can be used to manipulate ruminal fermentation in ruminant. Four multiparous lactating Holstein cows with 45 ± 5 days in milk were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four different levels of MPM supplementation at 0, 100, 200, and 300 g/head/day, respectively. Cows were fed with concentrate diets at 1:1.5 of concentrate to milk yield ratio and urea‐treated (3%) rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results revealed that feed intake, nutrient digestibility, blood urea nitrogen, and hematological parameters were not affected by MPM supplementation (p > 0.05). However, ruminal pH and propionate were increased quadratically (p < 0.05) in cows receiving MPM whereas acetate, acetate to propionate ratio and estimate methane production were decreased (p < 0.05). Supplementation of MPM linearly decreased ruminal ammonia nitrogen and protozoal population at 4 hr postfeeding (p < 0.05). Milk production and milk composition were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of MPM at 200 g/head/day could modify ruminal fermentation and reduce methane production without adverse effect on feed intake, digestibility, hematological parameters, and milk production in dairy cows.     

SPF金黄地鼠核心种群的微生物质量控制

SPF金黄地鼠微生物质量控制对保持动物种群的质量稳定性十分重要。介绍了SPF金黄地鼠核心种群微生物质量控制的具体做法和经验体会,以期为提高隔离器饲养条件下SPF金黄地鼠的种群质量稳定性提供参考和借鉴。     

脾酪氨酸激酶参与酿酒酵母甘露聚糖诱导绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞β-防御素-1(SBD-1)的表达

为了探索脾酪氨酸激酶(Syk)是否参与酿酒酵母甘露聚糖(S.c M)诱导绵羊瘤胃上皮细胞(ORECs)β-防御素-1(SBD-1)表达的过程,首先利用免疫组化、RT-PCR和免疫荧光等方法检测Syk在ORECs内的表达情况;然后采用qPCR和Western blot方法检测S.c M刺激ORECs后Syk的表达变化,同时用Western blot方法检测Syk的磷酸化水平;接着用3条Syk特异性siRNAs(#1、#2和#3)转染ORECs 24 h后,qPCR检测Syk mRNA的表达变化,筛选出干扰效果最佳的Syk siRNA;最后用效果最佳的siRNA和Syk特异性抑制剂R406分别处理ORECs后,采用qPCR和ELISA检测SBD-1的表达变化,以确定Syk在S.c M诱导SBD-1表达过程中的作用。结果显示:Syk在ORECs内表达;且S.c M刺激ORECs后Syk的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著高于未刺激组(P<0.01或P<0.05),S.c M刺激ORECs不同时间(5、15、30、45和60 min)均能使Syk发生磷酸化,且刺激15 min后磷酸化水平达到最大(P<0.01);此外,Syk的3条特异性siRNAs转染ORECs后Syk的表达均降低,且Syk siRNA#2的抑制效果最明显(P<0.01);同时Syk siRNA#2和R406均能极显著降低S.c M诱导ORECs SBD-1的表达(P<0.01)。上述结果表明,Syk参与S.c M诱导ORECs SBD-1的表达。