高产海岛棉田土壤微生物学特性研究

用混菌平板法和稀释频度法 ( MPN)对中壤土高产海岛棉田中的细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量与分布进行了测定。结果表明 ,细菌是中壤土海岛棉田微生物生命活动的最主要参与者。棉田三类土壤微生物呈现明显的季节变化。 0～ 2 0 cm的土层是微生物集中分布和生物学活性最大区域。氮素生理群中氨化细菌最多 ,芽孢细菌次之 ,硝化细菌再次之 ,好气性固氮菌最少     

高职园艺专业农业微生物学教学改革的探索

从理论教学和实验教学两方面探索了高职园艺试点专业的农业微生物学的教学改革。选定原核微生物、真核微生物、非细胞生物、微生物的营养和生长、农业生产中的微生物应用作为理论课的主讲内容。在实验教学方面 ,通过设计一个大实验 ,让学生系统掌握无菌操作技术、纯培养技术、显微技术和灭菌技术     

Investigation of bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Beijing, China

Objective To determine the bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Beijing, China. The effect of breed, sex and age of dogs and season on the presence or absence of bacteria in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs was evaluated. Sample population This investigation included 240 healthy dogs, 27 dogs with unilateral corneal ulcer and one dog with bilateral corneal ulcer. Procedure The 480 samples from healthy dogs and the 29 samples from dogs with ulcerative keratitis were incubated in an aerobic and 5% CO₂ environment at 37 °C for 48 h. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.01. Results Of 480 normal eyes, Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated organisms (40.29%). Neisseria spp. (11.47%) were the next most frequently isolated organisms, followed by Corynebacterium spp. (9.4%). Of 29 eyes with ulcerative keratitis, Staphylococcus spp. were also the most frequently isolated bacteria (47.06%). Streptococcus spp. (12.94%) and Pseudomonas spp. (8.24%) were the second and third, respectively. Season (P = 0.002) was a significant factor influencing presence or absence of bacterial microorganisms in the conjunctival sac of normal dogs in Beijing, China, while the effects of breed (P = 0.095), sex (P = 0.588) and age (P = 0.866) of dogs were insignificant. Conclusion Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated organisms, and S. intermedius predominated in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal dogs and dogs with ulcerative keratitis in Beijing, China. The likelihood of detecting bacteria depends on the season.     

甲酸或绿汁发酵液对苜蓿青贮影响的研究

为探讨添加甲酸和绿汁发酵液对拉伸膜裹包苜蓿青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响,分别按每吨鲜苜蓿添加6L甲酸或2L绿汁发酵液,并以不使用添加剂而晾晒处理为对照,整株打圆捆,拉伸膜裹包6层青贮,贮藏300d后取样分析测定。添加甲酸和绿汁发酵液苜蓿青贮的pH分别为4．32和4．25,显著低于晾晒处理的5．22（P〈0．05）;而乳酸含量分别为6．26％和6．63％,显著高于晾晒处理的0．24％（P〈0．05）;而晾晒处理苜蓿青贮的氨氮含量显著减少（P〈0．05）。虽然苜蓿青贮的NDF、ADF等营养物质含量没有差异,但添加甲酸可显著提高苜蓿青贮DM、OM、CP、NDF、ADF的有效降解率（P〈0．05）。晾晒处理组CP含量显著降低,而且DM、OM、CP、ADF的有效降解率也显著降低。     

微生物催化转化酰胺类除草剂的生物降解模型

利用微生物降解残余农药是治理农药污染的一种有效手段。从微生物催化转化农药的机理、降解特性等方面着手,构建出微生物降解除草剂残余物的动力学模型。     

EPA/DHA对体外发酵及瘤胃液脂肪酸组成的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平的DHA/EPA对体外发酵和瘤胃液脂肪酸变化的影响。试验通过采用持续动态人工瘤胃装置,向发酵罐中添加EPA/DHA,连续培养7 d,分析脂肪酸组成的变化及发酵模式的改变。试验结果表明,日粮添加EPA/DHA使瘤胃液pH升高（与CK相比,Trt1和Trt2分别升高了0.11和0.35）,Trt2 与CK相比差异极显著（P<0.01）;与CK相比处理组3种主要挥发酸中乙酸浓度下降（P<0.01）,丙酸浓度升高(P<0.01),丁酸浓度下降(P<0.01),总挥发性脂肪酸浓度与对照组相比略有下降但差异不显著（P>0.05）;日粮添加EPA/DHA使瘤胃液脂肪酸成分发生改变。与CK相比处理组C18∶0含量显著下降（P<0.01）; t 11 C18∶1含量显著升高（P<0.01）;c-9,t-11 CLA含量显著升高（P<0.01）,但是两组之间差异均不显著。因此,日粮中添加不同水平的EPA/DHA可以改变瘤胃发酵模式,影响不饱和脂肪酸瘤胃氢化过程,使脂肪酸组成发生改变,为采用新的营养措施调控反刍动物产品中CLA的含量提供理论依据。     

瘤胃上皮细胞增殖和物质转运分子机制的研究进展

瘤胃作为反刍动物特有的消化器官,对饲粮营养消化利用具有重要作用。近50年来,人们对瘤胃上皮细胞发育和物质转运做了大量研究,重点聚焦于瘤胃上皮细胞增殖分子机制及相关转运蛋白调控通路的探索,如胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)和表皮生长因子(EGF)参与调控葡萄糖的转运,钠氢交换蛋白(NHE)、单羧酸转运载体(MCTs)和G蛋白偶联受体(GPR)参与瘤胃上皮细胞短链脂肪酸(SCFA)的转运等。尽管如此,我们对于瘤胃发育的内在机制了解非常有限,本文针对反刍动物瘤胃上皮细胞增殖和物质转运分子机制的研究进展进行了综述,对于进一步理解瘤胃上皮细胞发育过程及建立最佳的反刍动物营养供给策略具有重要意义。     

Effects of drought‐stressed temperate forage legumes on the degradation and the rumen microbial community in vitro

According to climate change scenarios, central Europe may expect extending drought periods during summer. Lower water availability may influence the ruminal digestion of individual forage legume species differently. To test this hypothesis, Lotus corniculatus L. (var. Bull), Medicago lupulina L. (var. Ekola), Medicago falcata L. (wild seeds) and Trifolium repens L. (var. Rivendel) were each grown in parallel lots of control and drought‐stressed monocultures. Rainout shelters (installed in May 2011 on a regrowth after first cut until harvest in mid of June) withheld rainfall of 40 mm in the drought stress treatment. Samples of dried (60°C) and milled (5 mm screen) forage legumes were incubated in a simulation experiment using Rusitec to assess drought effects on parameters for microbial metabolism. Degradability of dry matter and organic matter as well as methane production decreased in incubations with drought‐stressed compared to control variants of legume species. Degradability of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and residual organic matter including non‐fibre carbohydrates and lipids were affected by interactions between drought stress and species. Significant interactions were also found for ammonia concentrations, molar SCFA proportions and the microbial communities. It is concluded that drought stress for growing forage legumes influences their ruminal degradation and fermentation as well as the ruminal microbial communities of Bacteria and Archaea differently in a legume species‐dependent manner.     

微生物接种剂和酶制剂对玉米秸组成成分和瘤胃有效降解率的影响

通过玉米秸发酵试验及半体内法 ,评价了复合产乳酸菌 (植物乳杆菌 保加利亚乳杆菌 粪尿链球菌 嗜酸乳杆菌 )、酶制剂 (纤维素酶 淀粉酶 糖化酶 )、液体发酵剂 (益生菌 )单独或联合应用对玉米秸组成成分及瘤胃有效降解率的影响。结果表明 ,从整个发酵期来看 ,高剂量固体发酵剂组 (每吨秸杆添加复合产乳酸菌 2 0 g 纤维素酶 10 0 g 淀粉酶 30 0 g 糖化酶 30 0 g)、高剂量液体发酵剂组 (每吨秸杆添加益生菌 5 0 0 m L )、中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)含量略低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;高剂量的固体发酵剂和液体发酵剂明显提高了玉米秸快速降解的干物质 (DM) (P <0 .0 5 )、NDF成分 (P <0 .0 1) ,显著降低了慢降解的 DM、NDF成分 (P <0 .0 1) ;从有效降解率来看 ,高剂量液体发酵剂组的DM有效降解率明显高于对照组及纤维素酶组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,NDF有效降解率则比其他各组均有明显提高 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

Indicators of induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in Danish Holstein cows

Background

The prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in dairy cows is high with large impact on economy and welfare. Its current field diagnosis is based on point ruminal pH measurements by oral probe or rumenocentesis. These techniques are invasive and inaccurate, and better markers for the diagnosis of SARA are needed. The goal of this study was to evaluate clinical signs of SARA and to investigate the use of blood, faecal and urinary parameters as indicators of SARA. Six lactating, rumen cannulated, Danish Holstein cows were used in a cross-over study with three periods. The first and second periods included two cows on control diet and two cows on nutritional SARA challenge. The third period only included two cows on SARA challenge. Control diet was a conventional total mixed ration [45.5% dry matter (DM), 17.8% crude protein, 43.8% neutral detergent fibre, and 22.5% acid detergent fibre (DM basis)]. SARA challenge was conducted by substituting control diet with grain pellets (50% wheat/barley) over 3 days to reach 40% grain in the diet. Ruminal pH was measured continuously. Blood samples were collected once daily at 7 h after feeding. Samples of faeces and urine were collected at feeding, and at 7 and 12 h after feeding. Blood samples were analysed for pCO2, pO2, pH, electrolytes, lactate, glucose, packed cell volume (PCV), and total plasma protein concentration. Milk composition, ruminal VFA, and pH of faeces and urine were measured.

Results

SARA was associated with decreased (P < 0.05) minimum ruminal, faecal and urinary pH. Daily times and areas of ruminal pH below 5.8, and 5.6 were increased to levels representative for SARA. Significant differences were detected in milk composition and ruminal VFAs. Blood calcium concentration was decreased (P < 0.05), and pCO₂ tended to be increased (P = 0.10). Significant differences were not detected in other parameters.

Conclusions

SARA challenge was associated with changes in faecal and urinary pH, blood calcium concentration and pCO₂. These may be helpful as indicators of SARA. However changes were small, and diurnal variations were present. None of these parameters are able to stand alone as indicators of SARA.