Replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat in turkey nutrition: effect on performance,digestibility, microbial community,immune and physiological status and final product quality

ABSTRACT

1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of partial (50%) or total replacement of soybean oil (SO) by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) fat on the growth performance, coefficients of apparent nutrient digestibility, selected internal organ weights and length, pancreatic enzyme activity and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microecology modulation, as well as microbiota activity, physiological and immunological responses in young turkey poults.

2. A total of 216, seven day old female turkeys (B.U.T 6) were randomly distributed to three dietary treatments using six replicate pens per group with 12 birds per pen. The following design of the trial was applied: SO 100% soybean oil; BSFL50 a 50/50 combination of SO and BSFL fat; or 100% BSFL fat (total replacement of SO).

3. The use of BSFL fat did not affect the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, GIT morphology, or quality of the breast and thigh muscles. However, reduced trypsin activity was noticed in the BSFL100 group, but this had no effect on digestibility. Total replacement of SO reduced proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Enterobacteriaceae spp., as well as decreasing levels of IL-6, while partial substitution lowered the TNF-α concentration.

4. The replacement of commonly used SO by BSFL fat can be successfully applied in young turkey poult nutrition. BSFL fat may be considered an antimicrobial agent and support immune responses.     

External contamination of broilers by Campylobacter spp. increases from the farm to the slaughterhouse

ABSTRACT

1. In this study, classical and molecular microbiological methods for detection and quantification of Campylobacter spp. were used to estimate their prevalence in faecal samples and skin swabs collected from 31 broiler flocks (20 farms) in Portugal, and measure the impact of transport-related factors on the expected rising excretion rates from the farm to the slaughterhouse.

2. Data on husbandry practices and transport conditions were gathered, including time in transit, distance travelled or ante-mortem plant-holding time.

3. A generalised linear mixed model was used to evaluate the significance of a potential post-transport rise in Campylobacter spp. counts and to assess risk determinants.

4. At least one flock tested positive for Campylobacter spp. in 80% of the sampled farms. At the slaughterhouse, Campylobacter spp. were detected in all faecal samples, C. jejuni being the most commonly isolated.

5. A post-transport rise of Campylobacter spp. counts from skin swabs was observed using classical microbiological methods (from a mean of 1.43 to 2.40 log₁₀ CFU/cm²) and molecular techniques (from a mean of 2.64 to 3.31 log₁₀ genome copies/cm²).

6. None of the husbandry practices or transport-related factors were found to be associated with Campylobacter spp. counts.

7. This study highlights the need for more research to better understand the multi-factorial nature of Campylobacter spp., a public health threat that was found to be highly prevalent in a sample of Portuguese poultry farms.     

不同处理菌糠细胞壁成分及有机物瘤胃降解特性

对经化学、生物及复合 3种处理的菌糠的细胞壁成分进行分析 ,研究不同处理对提高菌糠饲用价值的效果 .选用 4头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的杂交黄牛 ,按 4× 4拉丁方设计 ,采用尼龙袋法研究化学、生物及复合等 3种处理菌糠 OM瘤胃降解特性 .结果表明 :(1)香菇、茶树菇及金针菇等 3种菌糠经化学处理后 ,NDF、ADF、ADL均有不同程度降低 ,其中以 Na OH处理效果最佳 ,NDF、ADF、ADL分别下降 5 .71% - 9.92 %、7.4 3% -13.36%及 10 .5 5 % - 2 0 .4 7% ;经筛选 ,Y4、Y5及 Y8种真菌能显著降低香菇菌糠 NDF、ADF、CEL、HC及 ADL含量 ,其中以 Y8菌种效果最佳 ;Na OH和生物 (Y4 )复合处理对改善香菇菌糠细胞壁成分的效果优于单独的Na OH-生物 (Y4 )处理 .(2 )香菇菌糠经 Na OH、氨化 (尿素 )及氨化 (尿素 ) +Na OH处理后 ,OM的动态降解率(P)分别提高 19.60 %、13.16%、2 1.0 2 % (p<0 .0 5 ) ;生物处理中以 Y4、Y5及 Y8三种真菌的处理效果最佳 ,菌糠 OM动态降解率 (p)分别提高 31.65 % (p<0 .0 5 )、4 7.69% (p<0 .0 1)及 5 5 .82 % (p<0 .0 1) ,其中 Y8和 Y5菌种的效果又优于 Y4 (p<0 .0 5 ) ;Na OH-生物 (Y4 )复合处理效果优于单独的 Na OH或生物 (Y4 )处理     

高职类食品微生物检验技术课程教学改革探讨

食品微生物检验技术是一门实践性和应用性很强的学科,是质检专业的职业技术核心课程之一。通过对教学内容、教学方法以及课程考试考核等方面的改革,提高食品微生物检验技术课程教学质量及学生的职业能力。使学生实践动手能力大大加强,为学生的就业奠定坚实基础。     

Cu污染条件下封闭循环水养虾系统的效能

为获得Cu2+污染对封闭循环水养虾系统的影响,选用0.3 mg/L Cu2+浓度,研究其对系统中水质、对虾生长、存活及生物滤器水处理效能的影响。结果表明,经过84 d的试验,养殖水体中Cu2+质量浓度在系统水处理单元作用下降为(0.089±0.012)mg/L,对虾能正常生长和存活,0.3 mg/L Cu2+处理质量浓度对生物滤器的化学需要量（COD）、NH4-N和NO2-N去除率及滤器中异养细菌、氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量不造成显著影响。处理系统对虾体内Cu质量分数为(42.91±6.10)mg/kg,与对照中质量分数(29.36±4.06)mg/kg相比,具有显著差异,但均在国家无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准（Cu≤50 mg/kg）范围内。在0.3 mg/L Cu2+质量浓度污染下,封闭循环水养虾系统仍能提供较好的水质条件,获得较高的产量和较低的饵料转化率,所养对虾符合无公害水产品要求。     

利用瘤胃微生物体外发酵饲料饲喂母猪的试验

运用仿生学原理,利用牛瘤胃中纤毛虫及细菌等生物,体外发酵饲料合成菌体蛋白喂猪,开发新的蛋白饲料资源。选用经产母猪23头饲喂瘤胃微生物体外发酵饲料作为试验组,23头饲喂同样未经发酵处理的饲料作为对照组。结果表明,试验组窝产仔数、初生重、断奶重、断奶成活率、断奶窝重、药费支出及猪只健康状态明显优于对照组。因此,瘤胃微生物体外发酵饲料喂猪,猪食欲强,催肥快、肉质好、抗病性强,仔猪成活率高,断奶重大,发病率低,药物费用支付少,而且技术简单,操作方便,饲料贮存量大,无毒无害,对环境保护有积极作用,很适合大型养猪场及农村家庭饲养,具有较高的应用价值。     

烟酸铬对西门塔尔牛精料瘤胃降解率的影响

试验选用4头平均体重500±20kg,年龄4岁,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究1.3倍维持水平下,日粮添加烟酸铬（0mg/d、40mg/d、80mg/d、120mg/d）对精料瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明：日粮添加烟酸铬组DM有效降解率与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）,添加80mg/d烟酸铬组精料OM有效降解率、CP瘤胃有效降解率较对照组显著提高（P〈0.05）。本试验结果表明：日粮添加烟酸铬的适宜添加水平为80mg/d。     

日粮ADF/CP对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响

为探讨日粮酸性洗涤纤维与粗蛋白比(ADF/CP)对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响,将奶牛常用饲料配合成ADF/CP为1.3、1.4、1.5、1.7和1.9的五种日粮,应用短期人工瘤胃技术,测定瘤胃液pH、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、微生物蛋白(MCP)产量和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度,研究不同ADF/CP对奶牛瘤胃内环境的影响。结果表明:不同ADF/CP对瘤胃pH影响不显著(P>0.05);而在NH3-N浓度上ADF/CP为1.4组低于ADF/CP为1.5、1.7和1.9组(P<0.01),与1.3组差异不显著(P>0.05);在MCP产量上ADF/CP为1.4和1.5两个组极显著高于其他三个组(P<0.01),而两个组间差异不显著(P>0.05);在VFA浓度方面上ADF/CP为1.4组显著或极显著高于其他组(P<0.05或P<0.01),在乙酸丙酸比上各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上:在本试验设计条件下,日粮ADF/CP为1.4时最有利于奶牛瘤胃内环境。     

CNCPS研究综述——瘤胃发酵

康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)是在综合了有关研究瘤胃发酵的最新研究成果和理论的基础上,结合计算机技术形成的一套新的技术体系,在生产中体现了很好的实用性和优越性。通过阐述CNCPS对瘤胃微生态、瘤胃微生物、瘤胃微生物的组成、瘤胃发酵和过瘤胃、氮损失和内源氮循环的研究,从该体系的最初研究出发,揭示该体系的基本框架,为深入理解和应用CNCPS提供参考。