Effects of supplement feeding order on lactation, diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia and urea in the blood and milk of dairy cows

The present study examined the effects of feeding order of grain and protein supplements on ruminal nitrogen (N) loss through the diurnal variation of ruminal ammonia N and urea N in the blood and milk of dairy cows. Three ruminally fistulated cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square arrangement of treatments; that is, grain supplement fed at the first feed and then the protein supplement at the second (GS‐1st), protein supplement fed first and then the grain supplement (PS‐1st), and the grain and protein supplements mixed and divided into equal portions fed at each supplement feeding time (GP‐mix). No differences in the lactation parameters were observed among the treatments. In GS‐1st treatment, the increase in the concentration of ruminal ammonia N was inhibited after feeding, and the concentration was lower (P < 0.05) than with the other treatments 1–2 h after basal feeding. The concentrations of urea N in the blood and milk with the GS‐1st treatment were the lowest of all treatments throughout the sampling times, and were lower (P < 0.05) than with the GP‐mix treatment except for blood levels 1 h after basal feeding. The results suggest that grain feeding before protein feeding can reduce ruminal N loss.     

Effects of maize grain and lucerne particle size on ruminal fermentation, digestibility and performance of cows in midlactation

This study evaluated the effects of, and interactions between, maize grain particle size (MPS) and lucerne particle size (LPS) on dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, ruminal fermentation, microbial yield, chewing activity and nutrient digestibility in midlactation cows. Four multiparous Holstein cows with ruminal cannulas were assigned randomly to a 4 x 4 Latin square design, averaged 595 kg (SD = 52) of body weight and 121 days in milk (SD = 21) at the start of the experiment. Experimental periods were 21 days in length (14 days of treatment adaptation and 7 days of data collection). All diets were fed as total mixed ration and were formulated to meet or exceed the requirements of a 600 kg multiparous cow producing 20 kg milk/day with 4.0% fat. The ratio of concentrate to forage was 39:61 (dry matter basis). Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design; two levels of LPS (2.54 and 6.22 mm) were combined with concentrates based on either ground maize grain (711 mum) or cracked maize grain (1755 mum). Maize grain and LPS did not affect milk production and milk fat percentage. Milk protein percentage increased when MPS was decreased (p = 0.04). Milk urea nitrogen was lower for cows fed ground maize grain compared with cracked maize grain (118-134 mg/l, p = 0.05). Estimated microbial N supply increased 41.9 g/day for ground maize grain compared with cracked maize grain. Cows fed long lucerne (LL) hay spent more time ruminating compared with cows fed short lucerne (SL) hay ranging from 293 to 336 min/day (p < 0.001). Total time spent chewing by cows increased from 505 to 574 min/day (p = 0.002) for SL and LL respectively. Based on the results from this study, midlactation cows can be fed diets that contain ground maize grain and SL hay without leading to negative effects on ruminal pH and nutrient digestibility.     

Rumen fermentation and degradability in buffalo and cattle using the in vitro gas production technique

An in vitro trial was conducted to investigate the effect of different inoculum sources (buffalo vs. cattle) on rumen fermentation and degradability. Incubations were carried out using rumen fluid obtained from buffalo or cattle fed the same diet [60% grass hay and 40% concentrate; 18 kg dry matter (DM)/day]. The fermentation kinetics of eight feeds commonly used in ruminant nutrition (alfalfa hay, barley meal, beet pulp, corn meal and silage, ryegrass hay and silage and soya bean meal s.e.) were studied with the in vitro gas production technique and rumen fermentation parameters (substrate disappearance, pH and volatile fatty acids production) were determined after 120 h of incubation. The linear relationship indicates that the microbial metabolic pathways of the two inocula for all the substrates were qualitatively similar, albeit often quantitatively different. In this in vitro study, a significant influence of rumen inoculum (buffalo vs. cow) on fermentation and degradability of the examined substrates was found. The differences in buffalo and cattle rumen fermentation can be explained with a different microbial activity of the two ruminant species, because of different amount of microbial population or microbial population constituted by different species of bacteria and protozoa.     

甲酸或绿汁发酵液对苜蓿青贮影响的研究

为探讨添加甲酸和绿汁发酵液对拉伸膜裹包苜蓿青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响,分别按每吨鲜苜蓿添加6L甲酸或2L绿汁发酵液,并以不使用添加剂而晾晒处理为对照,整株打圆捆,拉伸膜裹包6层青贮,贮藏300d后取样分析测定。添加甲酸和绿汁发酵液苜蓿青贮的pH分别为4．32和4．25,显著低于晾晒处理的5．22（P〈0．05）;而乳酸含量分别为6．26％和6．63％,显著高于晾晒处理的0．24％（P〈0．05）;而晾晒处理苜蓿青贮的氨氮含量显著减少（P〈0．05）。虽然苜蓿青贮的NDF、ADF等营养物质含量没有差异,但添加甲酸可显著提高苜蓿青贮DM、OM、CP、NDF、ADF的有效降解率（P〈0．05）。晾晒处理组CP含量显著降低,而且DM、OM、CP、ADF的有效降解率也显著降低。     

Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate on feedlot beef cattle production

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and calcium-ammonium nitrate (CAN) on in vitro ruminal fermentation, growth, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, liver mineral concentration, and carcass quality of beef cattle. In Exp. 1, four ruminally cannulated steers (520 ± 30 kg body weight [BW]) were used as donors to perform a batch culture and an in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) procedure. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being BSS (0 or 0.33% of substrate dry matter [DM]) and CAN (0 or 2.22% of substrate DM). In Exp. 2, 200 Angus-crossbred steers (385 ± 27 kg BW) were blocked by BW and allocated to 50 pens (4 steers/pen) in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included BSS (0 or 0.33% of the diet DM) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) source (urea or encapsulated CAN [eCAN] included at 0.68% or 2.0% of the diet, respectively) with 0.28% ruminally available S (RAS). A low S diet was included as a positive control containing urea (0.68% of DM) and 0.14% RAS. For Exp. 1, data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of BSS, CAN, BSS × CAN, and the random effect of donor. For Exp. 2, the MIXED procedure of SAS was used for continuous variables and the GLIMMIX procedure for categorical data. For Exp. 1, no differences (P > 0.230) were observed for IVOMD. There was a tendency (P = 0.055) for an interaction regarding H₂S production. Acetate:propionate increased (P = 0.003) with the addition of CAN. In Exp. 2, there was a NPN source effect (P = 0.032) where steers consuming urea had greater carcass-adjusted final shrunk BW than those consuming eCAN. Intake of DM (P < 0.001) and carcass-adjusted average daily gain (P = 0.024) were reduced by eCAN; however, it did not affect (P = 0.650) carcass-adjusted feed efficiency. Steers consuming urea had greater (P = 0.032) hot carcass weight, and a BSS × NPN interaction (P = 0.019) was observed on calculated yield grade. Apparent absorption of S decreased (P < 0.001) with the addition of BSS. Final liver Cu concentration was reduced (P = 0.042) by 58% in cattle fed BSS, indicating that BSS may decrease Cu absorption and storage in the liver. The results observed in this experiment indicate that BSS does not have negative effects on feedlot steer performance, whereas CAN may hinder performance of steers fed finishing diets.     

亚麻籽木脂素在山羊瘤胃中的转化及其对瘤胃代谢的影响

选用6只(4♂、2♀)装有永久性瘤胃瘘管及临时性颈静脉插管的淮南山羊,进行交叉试验.试验期按体重灌胃50 mg·kg-1质量分数为20%亚麻籽木脂素提取物,分别用高效液相色谱法测定木脂素和挥发性脂肪酸含量,研究亚麻籽木脂素在山羊瘤胃中的转化及其对瘤胃代谢的影响.结果表明,在对照期瘤胃液中存在较低质量浓度的亚麻籽木脂素(0.003 mg·mL-1)、肠内酯(0.007 mg·mL-1)及肠二醇(0.017 mg·mL-1),但血清中未检测出木脂素成分.灌胃木脂素提取物能显著提高瘤胃液及血清中上述3种动、植物木脂素含量;同时,木脂素化合物使总脱氢酶活性升高25.5%(P>0.05),并使瘤胃液pH值和氨氮含量分别降低1.1%(P<0.05)和36.3%(P<0.01),微生物蛋白及总挥发性脂肪酸含量分别升高70.1%(P<0.01)和37.4%(P<0.01).结论:在饲喂青干草及豆粕型精料日粮条件下,瘤胃液中存在植物木脂素和2种最主要的动物木脂素.灌胃亚麻籽木脂素提取物后能显著提高3种木脂素含量,且均能被吸收进入血液.木脂素可以直接或间接影响瘤胃内微生物活性,从而改善瘤胃代谢水平.     

碱性次氯酸钠-苯酚分光光度法测定甲醇处理的瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度

[目的]建立一种适于测定用甲醇处理的瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度的碱性次氯酸钠-苯酚分光光度法方法.[方法]比较加或不加甲醇对标准氨态氮线性回归方程的影响,对比色波长、显色稳定性进行测定,进行回收率、精密度试验,并用建立的方法实际测定甲醇处理的绵羊癌胃液中氨态氮浓度.[结果]反应物在37℃水浴10 min、室温下放置10 min后显色更加稳定,最大吸收波长为650nm;氨态氮浓度在1～32 mg/100 mL时与650nm处吸光度值的相关系数为0.9999,回收率97.2;～103.7;(平均为99.9;);标准溶液和样品溶液的吸光度值日间变异系数、日内变异系数均小于5;.[结论]在样品液中含有50;体积比例的甲醇对碱性次氯酸钠-苯酚分光光度法测定氨态氮浓度没有影响,可用于经甲醇处理的瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度的测定.     

分子生态学技术应用于新疆环境微生物研究进展

对应用于环境微生物研究的分子生态学技术进行综述,并综述了近些年来新疆环境微生物研究的进展,最后,对新疆极端环境微生物研究前景进行了展望。     

壳聚糖对景观用水的杀菌效果

为了考察壳聚糖用于景观用水除菌的可行性,以郑州市某社区景观用水为对象,通过改变壳聚糖酸溶剂种类、pH值、壳聚糖分子量和浓度等,研究壳聚糖在不同情况下的杀菌效果.结果表明:不同酸溶剂对CTS杀菌作用有较大影响,综合考虑多种因素,最终选用乙酸作为CTS的酸溶剂;pH值为5时,壳聚糖杀菌作用最强;壳聚糖杀菌率随浓度的增大而增大,浓度为1.5 g/L时,杀菌率可达80%以上;分子质量为4.4和740 ku的CTS,杀菌率明显高于其它分子量,曲线出现峰值的时间分别为在5和4 h,原因为随着分子量的变化,CTS杀菌作用方式也随之发生变化,最终确定选用价格低廉的高聚合度CTS(分子质量为740 ku).     

猪链球菌病的诊断与治疗

采用临床诊断学、病理解剖学和微生物学等技术,对临床上送诊病猪进行了全面、详细的检查.结果表明:病猪体温升高达41～42℃.耳廓、胸、腹下及四肢内侧皮肤呈紫红色,并有大量出血斑.跗关节肿大,关节囊内有黄色胶样液体渗出物.全身淋巴结肿大、出血,呈紫红色.肺充血肿胀,散在分布有大面积的肝变区.肾脏色泽较淡,表面有大量出血点和出血斑.肝、脾肿大,色泽较暗,呈黑褐色.脑膜充血、出血.在血液涂片及肝、脾和淋巴结的触印片上均见有大量链球菌.从而排除了强致病性蓝耳病,确诊为猪链球菌病.药敏试验结果表明,萘夫西林钠、苯唑西林钠为敏感,磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠为中敏,其他抗菌药物均耐药.并为猪链球菌病正确、有效的治疗提供了科学依据.