3-硝基酯-1-丙醇抑制反刍动物瘤胃甲烷排放的机理及对动物的影响

反刍动物甲烷的排放既造成饲料能量的浪费,也会加剧全球变暖作用。在反刍动物瘤胃中,产甲烷菌主要利用二氧化碳转化产生甲烷。产甲烷菌转化二氧化碳的最后一步反应需要甲基辅酶M还原酶参与,3-硝基酯-1-丙醇(3-nitrooxypropanol,3-NOP)是一种甲基辅酶M类似物,能与辅酶B结合,从而减少甲基辅酶M与辅酶B结合生成甲烷,因此3-NOP能有效地降低瘤胃甲烷的产生。本文旨在阐明3-NOP抑制反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生的机制以及对反刍动物生产的影响。     

混贮模式对高丹草青贮发酵品质及体外产气动力学特性的影响

为了解决高丹草因水分高造成青贮发酵品质不佳的问题,通过添加不同种类干草(玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和苜蓿干草)及干草添加量(12.5,25.0,37.5和50.0kg/t)对混贮高丹草营养价值、青贮发酵品质及体外产气动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,单独青贮高丹草的丁酸含量较高,弗氏评分等级仅为"可",添加干草混贮可显著提高青贮高丹草的发酵品质,从添加干草的种类来看,添加小麦秸秆组青贮发酵品质最高,添加苜蓿干草组营养价值最高,苜蓿干草组的体外72h干物质消失率(IVDMD)、产气速率(c)和达到最大产气量1/2时的产气速率(AGPR)均为最高,3种干草在72h累积产气量、理论最大产气量以及产气延滞时期方面差异不显著(P0.05);从干草的添加量来看,添加25.0kg/t干草的青贮发酵品质最优,达到产气量1/2所需要时间也最长,添加50.0kg/t干草的营养价值和IVDMD最高,添加37.5kg/t干草的产气速率和AGPR最大,添加不同重量干草对混贮高丹草的72h累积产气量、理论最大产气量以及产气延滞时期无显著影响(P0.05)。综合考虑青贮发酵品质和饲料营养价值,得出最佳的混贮模式为在高丹草中添加37.5kg/t小麦秸秆,添加50.0kg/t苜蓿干草混贮高丹草的体外干物质消失率最高,添加37.5kg/t苜蓿干草组产气速率最快,添加50.0kg/t小麦秸秆组的72h累积产气量和理论最大产气量最高。     

Pathological effects of Cichlidogyrus philander Douëllou, 1993 (Monogenea,Ancyrocephalidae) on the gills of Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897) (Cichlidae)

Histopathological changes of Cichlidogyrus philander Douëllou, 1993 on the gills of Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897) were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Observations revealed that C. philander attaches to its host by alternating the prohaptor (for temporary attachment or feeding) or haptor (using haptoral parts for firm and secured attachment). The sharp terminal ends of the anchors are inserted basally into the gill lamella, between two adjacent secondary gill lamellae and the marginal hooklets assist by superficially penetrating, holding and lifting epithelial tissue in the proximal region of the secondary gill lamella. The attachment of C. philander resulted in compression, rupturing of the interlamellar epithelium, change in the organization of epithelial cells in both primary and secondary gill lamella, displacement of the extracellular cartilaginous matrix, occasional rupturing of blood vessels and erythrocytes and some cells becoming ill-defined. At the site of attachment, the host response comprises of hyperplasia, increase in the number of mucous cells and infiltration with neutrophils. It was concluded that the effect of C. philander is mild in natural conditions.     

Effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and wildrye length on nutrient intake,digestibility, plasma metabolites,ruminal fermentation and fecal microflora of male Chinese Holstein calves

Twenty-eight male, weaned Chinese Holstein calves((156.8±33.4) kg) were used to investigate the effects of dietary forage to concentrate ratio(F:C) and forage length on nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and fecal microflora. Animals were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: whole-length forage(WL) with low F:C(50:50); WL with high F:C(65:35); short-length forage(SL) with high F:C(65:35); and SL with low F:C(50:50). Chinese wildrye was used as the only forage source in this trial. The grass in the SL treatments was chopped using a chaff cutter to achieve small particle size(~50% particles 19 mm). Dry matter intake(DMI) and organic matter(OM) intake was increased by increasing both F:C(P0.01) and forage length(FL)(P0.05), while acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) intakes were only increased by increasing the F:C(P0.01). The digestibility of NDF was increased as the FL increased(P0.01), and it was also affected by interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05). Cholesterol(CHO)(P0.01), leptin(LP)(P0.05), and growth hormone(GH)(P0.01) concentrations in plasma were increased as dietary F:C increased. A significant increase in plasma triglyceride(TG)(P0.01), insulin(INS)(P0.05), and GH(P0.01) levels was observed with decreasing dietary FL. Ruminal p H values of calves fed with low F:C diets were significantly lower than those in high F:C treatment(P0.05). Increasing the F:C enhanced ruminal acetic acid(P0.05) and acetic acid/propionic acid(P0.01). Fecal Lactobacillus content was significantly higher, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella contents were significantly lower in WL and high F:C groups(P0.05). Lower fecal scores(higher diarrhea rate) were observed in calves fed with SL hay compared to WL hay(P0.05). Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) bands and richness index(S) were significantly affected by the interaction between F:C and FL(P0.05), under high F:C, band numbers and richness index from WL group were higher than that from SL group(P0.05), whereas there were no differences between WL andSL groups under low F:C(P0.05). Microflora similarity was 50–73% among the different treatments. It is concluded that the WL with high F:C(65:35) diet is suitable for weaned calves.     

Morphological diversity of Paramoeba perurans trophozoites and their interaction with Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., gills

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans affects several cultured marine fish species worldwide. In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of P. perurans in vitro and in vivo was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). Amoebae cultures contained several different morphologies ranging from a distinct rounded cell structure and polymorphic cells with pseudopodia of different lengths and shapes. SEM studies of the gills of AGD‐affected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., revealed the presence of enlarged swellings in affected gill filaments and fusion of adjacent lamellae. Spherical amoebae appeared to embed within the epithelium, and subsequently leave hemispherical indentations with visible fenestrations in the basolateral surface following their departure. These fenestrated structures corresponded to the presence of pseudopodia which could be seen by TEM to penetrate into the epithelium. The membrane–membrane interface contained an amorphous and slightly fibrous matrix. This suggests the existence of cellular glycocalyces and a role for extracellular products in mediating pathological changes in amoebic gill disease.     

瘤胃尼龙袋法测定常用饲料过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率

以9头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对玉米淀粉、玉米、麸皮、豆粕、麻粕、棉籽粕、苜蓿干草、羊草、肋麦野豌豆、玉米秸等10种常用饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率进行了比较研究。结果表明,各种饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量(g/kg)依次为417.85、404.84、226.31、62.04、110.56、108.61、73.50、50.87、47.55、24.43;其淀粉瘤胃降解率%依次为60.95、50.47、61.70、80.19、65.57、61.01、53.15、64.23、70.40、73.65。     

Differential responses of cells from human skin keratinocyte and bovine mammary epithelium to attack by pore-forming Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin

Human skin keratinocytes HaCat attacked by Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin showed a transient drop of cellular ATP levels whereas in toxin-perforated bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC), the ATP levels dropped more slowly. Morphologically, during the ATP level depletion, HaCat cell developed a spacious intracellular vacuole together with the transient influx of trypan blue. WST-1 signal, which tested the function of mitochondrial enzyme in viable cells, also decreased concomitantly. On the other hand, BMEC excluded trypan blue and vacuolation was not observed throughout the experiment. We conclude that mammary epithelial cells resist the toxin better than keratinocytes. This is the first report showing that α-toxin enhances transient membrane permeability to large molecules, temporary vacuole formation and the transient defect of mitochondrial enzyme in viable cells without cell lysis.     

Ciliary function in the olfactory organs of sharks and rays

The sensory channels in the olfactory organs of modern sharks and rays (neoselachians) are lined with fields of non‐sensory cilia. Using evidence from 31 species of neoselachian, this review attempts to identify the fluid – water or mucus – propelled by these cilia. The apparently common structure of the olfactory epithelium in these 31 diverse species implies that the cilia perform the same function and that this function is therefore independent of neoselachian phylogeny, lifestyle, gross nasal anatomy and the principal means by which water is circulated through the single major olfactory channel. On balance, the evidence suggests that the cilia propel mucus. This evidence includes short cilia, the presence (or absence) of water currents in the nasal region, mucociliary interactions, poor ciliary alignment, rare or absent interciliary connections, deep ciliary anchorages and the observation of cilia performing effective strokes. The short cilia are particularly telling. Goblet cells within and on the edge of the sensory epithelium are likely to be the source of any mucus layer. If the cilia of the neoselachian olfactory epithelium do propel mucus, there are three crucial implications. First, given that ciliary function is potentially independent of neoselachian phylogeny, it is possible that cilia in all neoselachians propel mucus. Second, a large part of the neoselachian olfactory organ must be actively involved in protecting the sensory epithelium from damage. Third, flow of water through the sensory channels must be driven by flow of water through the major olfactory channel.     

6种饲料原料瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质的小肠消化率

本试验旨在研究新疆地区玉米青贮、棉籽壳、苜蓿草粉、苜蓿干草、葡萄籽粕、蕃茄酱渣6种奶牛饲料原料的瘤胃降解特性和瘤胃非降解蛋白质(RUP)的小肠消化率(Idg)。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法和改进三步体外法测定饲料原料的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解特性以及RUP的Idg和小肠可消化粗蛋白质(IDCP)含量。结果表明:1)苜蓿草粉和玉米青贮的DM有效降解率最高,显著高于次之的苜蓿干草、番茄酱渣(P0.05),葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳最低,显著低于其他原料(P0.05);CP有效降解率为番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉玉米青贮苜蓿干草棉籽壳葡萄籽粕,各原料间差异显著(P0.05);NDF有效降解率为玉米青贮苜蓿草粉棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05);ADF有效降解率为玉米青贮棉籽壳苜蓿干草番茄酱渣苜蓿草粉葡萄籽粕,各组饲料原料间差异显著(P0.05)。2)苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg和IDCP含量最高,Idg显著高于依次降低的苜蓿干草、玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05),IDCP含量与苜蓿干草差异不显著(P0.05),显著高于依次降低的玉米青贮、番茄酱渣、葡萄籽粕、棉籽壳(P0.05)。综上所述,不同饲料原料具有不同的瘤胃降解特性,进入小肠IDCP的含量也不同。玉米青贮的DM、NDF和ADF在瘤胃的有效降解率较高,苜蓿草粉RUP的Idg较高,苜蓿草粉和苜蓿干草的IDCP含量较高。