水热处理对黄豆秸秆体外发酵、甲烷生成及微生物的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究水热处理对黄豆秸秆体外发酵、甲烷生成及微生物的影响。黄豆秸秆经水热处理后,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统发酵72 h,评估化学成分变化、降解特性、发酵参数、产气参数及微生物区系。结果表明:水热处理降低黄豆秸秆中性洗涤纤维(P<0.001)、酸性洗涤纤维(P<0.001)及半纤维素(P<0.001)含量,提高中性洗涤可溶物(P<0.001)、水溶性碳水化合物(P<0.001)、阿拉伯糖(P<0.001)及半乳糖(P<0.001)含量;水热处理提高黄豆秸秆干物质消失率(P<0.001)和发酵液挥发性脂肪酸浓度(P<0.05),降低乙酸/丙酸(P<0.001)、甲烷(P<0.001)与氢气产量(P<0.001)及真菌(P<0.01)、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌(P<0.05)和产甲烷菌(P<0.05)数量。结果显示:水热处理可破坏黄豆秸秆纤维素-半纤维素-木质素结构,增加中性洗涤可溶物含量,促进瘤胃降解,并减少真菌和产甲烷菌的数量,降低甲烷产量。     

The fate of glycerol entering the rumen of dairy cows and sheep

This study investigated the fate of glycerol entering the rumen, in particular whether glycerol could be absorbed across the rumen epithelium. Three non‐lactating rumen‐fistulated cows were used to calculate the overall disappearance rate of glycerol in vivo and evaluate the rate of ruminal glycerol absorption. Rumen epithelial tissues isolated from sheep were used to characterise glycerol transport properties. The rate of rumen microbial degradation of glycerol was then studied in an in vitro system under anaerobic and thermo‐regulated conditions. The results showed that glycerol can be absorbed from the rumen in significant amounts. The fractional rate of absorption of glycerol was not affected by variations in glycerol concentration in the buffer solution in the in vivo study. The glycerol absorption apparently occurred largely by passive diffusion and was probably not facilitated by carriers. Glycerol also disappeared via microbial digestion and outflow from the rumen through the omasal orifice.     

Buffer nitrogen solubility,in vitro ruminal partitioning of nitrogen and in vitro ruminal biological activity of tannins in leaves of four fodder tree species

This study explores the chemical composition, buffer N solubility, in vitro ruminal N degradability and in vitro ruminal biological activity of tannins in leaves from Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Morus alba and Trichanthera gigantea trees. These tree leaves are a potential protein source for ruminants, but their site‐influenced nutritive value is largely unknown. Leucaena leucocephala leaves had the highest N content (42.1 g/kg DM), while T. gigantea leaves had the least (26.1 g/kg DM). Leucaena leucocephala had the highest buffer solubility index (20%), while 10% of the total N in leaves of the other three species was soluble. The rapidly fermentable N fraction ‘a’ was highest in M. alba leaves (734.9 g/kg DM) and least in T. gigantea leaves (139.5 g/kg DM). The rate of fermentation (c) was highest for M. alba (7%/hours) leaves. No significant correlations were recorded between buffer solubility index of N and in vitro ruminal N degradability parameters: a, b, and c. The highest response to tannin inactivation using polyethylene glycol, in terms of percentage increase in 36‐hours cumulative gas production, was recorded in M. alba (39%) and T. gigantea (38%) leaves. It was concluded that buffer solubility of N is not a good indicator of ruminal N degradation in the leaves of these tree species. Leaves of M. alba could be more valuable as a source of rapidly fermentable N when animals are offered low‐protein, high‐fibre diets compared with other tree species evaluated in the current study. However, when feeding M. alba leaves, the role of tannins must be considered because these secondary plant compounds showed significant in vitro ruminal biological activity.     

The effects of potato pulp and feeding level of supplements on digestibility, in situ forage degradation and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six ruminally cannulated Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers (average initial bodyweight (BW) 387 ± 29 kg) were used in a split‐plot design experiment, comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole plot treatments were three different feeding levels of supplemental diet, fed at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% of BW, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Subplot treatments were two different supplemental diets: a potato pulp silage‐based diet (PPS) and a grain‐based diet (GRAIN). Chopped, medium‐quality cool‐season grass hay (predominately Timothy, Phleum pratense L) was fed daily at 0.7% BW (on a DM basis) as the basal diet. Each period consisted of 21 d, which included 11 d of adaptation to the diets and 10 d of the collection period. Chromium oxide was used as an indigestible marker. In situ forage degradation was measured using the nylon bag technique. The dry matter intake increased (linear; P < 0.01) as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Digestibility was not affected by any treatments. The GRAIN diet tended to decrease the rate of in situ forage degradation as the feeding level increased, but this trend was not found in the steers fed the PPS diet. Steers fed the GRAIN diet had a lower (P < 0.1) ruminal pH compared with steers fed the PPS diet. Ruminal pH was not significantly affected by feeding level; however, it was numerically higher for steers supplemented at 0.2% per BW than that for the steers supplemented above 0.4% per BW due probably to the higher starch intake. The total volatile fatty acids concentration numerically increased as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Increasing the feeding level decreased (linear, P < 0.01) the proportion of acetate. Neither diet nor the feeding level had any effects on the proportion of ruminal propionate. The results suggested that, for steers fed the PPS diet, there are not adverse effects on forage digestion in the rumen that occur as the feeding level is increased.     

应用反相高效液相色谱法测定绵羊瘤胃液、肉鸡粪中吲哚和粪臭素含量

[目的]建立适于绵羊瘤胃液和肉鸡粪中痕量吲哚、粪臭素测定的反相高效液相色谱法.[方法]肉鸡日粮中分别添加饲用抗生素、葡萄糖酸和乳果糖,收集13～15、20～22、33～35和40 ～41日龄肉鸡的粪;采集绵羊饲喂前(记为0h),饲喂后1.5、3、6和9h的瘤胃内容物.[结果]色谱条件,流动相:乙腈:水,流速1mL/min,柱温30℃,激发波长270nm,发射波长350nm,梯度洗脱;方法具有分离时间短(10 min以内),样品处理简单、分离度好、灵敏度高(吲哚142.8 ng/mL,绝对量2.142 ng/15 μL;粪臭素1 ng/mL,绝对量0.015ng/15 μL)的特点.葡萄糖酸组、乳果糖组肉鸡粪中吲哚含量在肉鸡34～36日龄时达到高峰值,抗生素组肉鸡粪中吲哚含量随日龄呈现上升趋势;从粪臭素含量来看,40 ～41日龄时肉鸡粪中含量有所增加,其中,饲用抗生素组、乳果糖组增加最明显,葡萄糖酸组增加最少.绵羊瘤胃液中吲哚含量在饲喂后1.5h达到最高值,饲喂800 g精料日粮时含量极显著高于饲喂400 g精料日粮,其余各时间点两种日粮之间差异不显著;而瘤胃液中粪臭素含量在饲喂后3h达到最高值,且饲喂800 g精料日粮时含量都有高于饲喂400 g精料日粮时.[结论]肉鸡粪中的吲哚、粪臭素含量不仅与日粮有关,还与肉鸡的日龄有关.饲喂两种水平的精料补充料时绵羊瘤胃液中吲哚、粪臭素含量的动态变化规律基本相似;高精料饲喂后1.5 ～9 h内,瘤胃液中的粪臭素含量普遍升高.     

Effect of cyclodextrin diallyl maleate on methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbes in vitro and in vivo

Effects of β‐cyclodextrin diallyl maleate (CD‐M) on methane production, ruminal fermentation and digestibility were studied both in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro study, diluted ruminal fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 and 24 h with or without CD‐M using hay plus concentrate (1.5:1) as a substrate. The CD‐M was added at different concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/L). The pH of the medium and numbers of protozoa were not affected by the addition of CD‐M. Total volatile fatty acids were increased and ammonia‐N was decreased, molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) by 14–76%. The effect of CD‐M on methane production and ruminal fermentation was further investigated in vivo using four Holstein steers in a cross‐over design. The steers were fed Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (1.5:1) with or without CD‐M (2% of feed dry matter) as a supplement. Ruminal proportion of acetate tended to decrease and that of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) 2 h after CD‐M dosing. Total viable counts, cellulolytic, sulfate reducing, acetogenic bacteria and protozoa were unaffected while methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05) by CD‐M. The plasma concentration of glucose was increased, whereas that of urea‐N was decreased (P < 0.05). Methane was inhibited (P < 0.05) from 36.4 to 30.1 L/kg dry matter intake by the addition of CD‐M. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were not affected while that of crude protein was increased (P < 0.05) in the medicated steers. These data suggested that dietary supplementation of CD‐M decreased methane production and improved nutrient use.     

饲粮氮水平对牦牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化代谢特征的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮不同氮水平对牦牛瘤胃发酵及营养物质消化代谢特征的影响.试验选择4头体重相近[(148.5±9.2)kg]的3岁去势天祝白牦牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,试验共分4期,每期21 d,4个饲粮氮水平[干物质(DM)基础]分别为低氮[粗蛋白质(CP)8.98%]、中低氮(CP 12.36%)、中高氮(CP 15...     

A Proposed Batch In vitro Apparatus for Conducting Rumen Fermentation Experiment

This research proposes a batch in vitro rumen apparatus modified from Daisy incubator and procedures of measuring feed digestion by using nylon bag to replace the traditional centrifuging and filtration methods, for the purpose of studying ruminal fermentation. The apparatus consists of 8 sets of airtight reaction vessels which rotated at a speed of 1 r/min and located inside a thermostatic cabin. Optimum procedures was proved to be that the volume of incubation fluid was 400 mL; fineness and size of test feed were 0.125-0.25 mm and 0.4 g, respectively; amount of bags in one vessel was 6; fermentation diet in a single incubation was 4-5 g. Comparing experiments showed that fermentation speed attained with the apparatus was about 15-20% greater than that attained with flask-shaking machine method （revolutionary speed is 100 r/min） and more accurate results could be obtained with the new apparatus. In conclusion, this apparatus could provide an efficient mixing action, and the procedure could allow sensitive detection of differences in ruminal fermentation in a time-saving way.     

Intraruminal administration of milk in the calf as a model for ruminal drinking: Morphological and enzymatical changes in the jejunal mucosa

In order to develop a calf model for studying the syndrome of ruminal drinking (RD) in veal calves, three dual-fistulated calves were used to test the effect of intraruminal administration of milk replacer on the jejunal mucosa. Biopsies of the proximal jejunal mucosa were taken through a jejunal fistula and the mucosal morphology and the activities of two brush border enzymes, lactase and alkaline phosphatase, were determined.Means of villus length and brush border enzyme activities decreased during the period of intraruminal administration of milk. The hyperplastic villus atrophy in this model was similar to that found in chronic RD patients in previous studies. This could not be associated with isolation of pathogenic micro-organisms from the faeces and is probably the consequence of the intraruminal milk feeding procedure itself.Clinical recovery from the signs of RD occurred rapidly after intraruminal administration of milk ceased and was followed by restoration of villus length and brush border enzyme activities 3–4 weeks later.     

不同粗饲料组合日粮对不同牧草在肉牛瘤胃内降解特性的影响

为研究不同粗饲料日粮在肉牛瘤胃中的降解规律,选择3头体质量相近的装有永久性瘘管的科尔沁黄牛为试验动物,饲喂含有不同苜蓿比例(0~70%)的稻草基础日粮,采用尼龙袋法测定瘤胃中7种牧草(稻草、王草、东非狼尾草、幼嫩苜蓿、苜蓿草块、三叶草、小冠花)干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)48 h的降解特性。结果显示,随着日粮中苜蓿比例的增加,7种牧草DM、CP和NDF的降解率增加,当日粮中苜蓿比例从0增到30%时,7种牧草DM、CP和NDF降解率提高的幅度比较大,苜蓿含量从50%增到70%时,降解率提高的幅度降低。苜蓿比例为70%时,稻草、王草、三叶草、小冠花、东非狼尾草DM的降解率分别比苜蓿比例0组显著高3.74%、1.96%、1.46%、1.88%、1.73%,稻草、王草、苜蓿草块、三叶草、小冠花、东非狼尾草NDF的降解率分别比苜蓿比例0组显著高5.17%、2.69%、1.69%、2.01%、1.67%、2.19%。7种牧草CP的降解率在各苜蓿比例(0、30%、50%、70%)组间差异均不显著。可见,稻草日粮中添加苜蓿可明显提高牧草DM、NDF的瘤胃降解率,对CP影响较小。