不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在利用长期人工瘤胃系统——Rusitec系统研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响。采用2×2两因子试验设计,2个因子分别为饲粮精粗比[30∶70(低精料饲粮)和70∶30(高精料饲粮)]和是否添加壳聚糖(0和1 500 mg/罐),共构成4组,每组4个重复。结果表明:与低精料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮显著降低了甲烷产量,中性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白质的降解率,发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了总产气量和丙酸含量(P<0.05);添加壳聚糖显著降低了甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质的降解率、发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了丙酸含量(P<0.05);在甲烷产量和总产气量,粗蛋白质的降解率,0、6 h发酵液氨氮浓度,0、12 h发酵液乙酸/丙酸上,2个因子存在互作(P<0.05),高精料饲粮中添加壳聚糖对甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质降解率、发酵液氨氮浓度的降低幅度大于低精料饲粮,对总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸的降低幅度小于低精料饲粮。以上结果表明,改变饲粮的精粗比和添加壳聚糖均能够改变瘤胃发酵模式,且二者之间存在互作,壳聚糖在精粗比为70∶30的饲粮中添加效果优于精粗比为30∶70的饲粮。     

不同断奶日龄羔羊瘤胃组织显微及超微结构比较

试验通过比较不同断奶日龄的湖羊羔羊瘤胃组织结构的差异，特别是瘤胃乳头超微结构变化，旨在为羔羊适宜断奶日龄的确定提供瘤胃生长发育的依据。选择新生湖羊羔羊24只（初生重：2.80 kg±0.08 kg），随机分为3组，每组8只，分别为30日龄早期断奶组（EEW-30）、45日龄早期断奶组（EW-45）和60日龄常规断奶组（NW-60）。在各断奶日龄及75日龄时每组分别屠宰4只羔羊，测定体重及瘤胃空重，计算瘤胃相对重量；采集瘤胃组织进行显微及超微形态学测定。结果显示：①EEW-30组羔羊断奶体重极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），而EW-45组与NW-60组断奶体重无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时3组羔羊的体重无显著差异（P>0.05）。各组羔羊瘤胃相对重量与其体重变化规律相同。②光镜下可见：断奶时，EEW-30组瘤胃壁厚度极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），EW-45组与NW-60组无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时，EW-45组羔羊瘤胃壁厚度显著高于NW-60组（P<0.05）。断奶时EEW-30组瘤胃乳头较短小，极显著短于NW-60组（P<0.01），EW-45组也显著短于NW-60组（P<0.05）。断奶时瘤胃乳头宽度和面积在3组间差异均不显著，在75日龄时也无显著组间差异（P>0.05）。③扫描电镜观测结果显示：EEW-30组断奶时单位面积瘤胃微乳头（ruminal micro-papillae）数量极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），而EW-45与NW-60组间无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时，3组羔羊单位面积瘤胃微乳头数量无显著差异（P>0.05）。上述试验结果显示，断奶时羔羊瘤胃形态结构在EEW-30与NW-60组间差异明显，而EW-45与NW-60组较为接近，瘤胃微乳头状结构也呈相同变化趋势。提示45日龄时断奶较为适宜。     

Intraruminal administration of milk in the calf as a model for ruminal drinking: Morphological and enzymatical changes in the jejunal mucosa

In order to develop a calf model for studying the syndrome of ruminal drinking (RD) in veal calves, three dual-fistulated calves were used to test the effect of intraruminal administration of milk replacer on the jejunal mucosa. Biopsies of the proximal jejunal mucosa were taken through a jejunal fistula and the mucosal morphology and the activities of two brush border enzymes, lactase and alkaline phosphatase, were determined.Means of villus length and brush border enzyme activities decreased during the period of intraruminal administration of milk. The hyperplastic villus atrophy in this model was similar to that found in chronic RD patients in previous studies. This could not be associated with isolation of pathogenic micro-organisms from the faeces and is probably the consequence of the intraruminal milk feeding procedure itself.Clinical recovery from the signs of RD occurred rapidly after intraruminal administration of milk ceased and was followed by restoration of villus length and brush border enzyme activities 3–4 weeks later.     

Numbers of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the rumen as estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction

Cell numbers of known species of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing bacteria, Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella parvula and Wollinella succinogenes , in the rumen of goats (25–30 kg) were estimated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of S. ruminantium was the largest of the three species examined, and tended to be greater in goats fed a high-concentrate diet (5.6 × 10⁷ cells/mL rumen fluid) than in goats fed a high-roughage diet (1.3 × 10⁷ cells/mL). The number of V. parvula tended to be greater when goats were fed a high-roughage diet (6.7 × 10³/mL) than when fed a high-concentrate diet (3.2 × 10³/mL). The number of W. succinogenes was below the detectable level (< 1.0 × 10²/mL) when a high-concentrate diet was fed, but was significantly increased by feeding a high-roughage diet (1.6 × 10³/mL). Addition of potassium nitrate (6 g/day) to the high-concentrate diet tended to increase V. parvula , and significantly increased W. succinogenes , indicating that these two bacteria can be increased by feeding a diet containing nitrate.     

衍生化气相色谱法检测瘤胃液和青贮液中乳酸对映体和挥发酸

利用手性衍生化试剂L-薄荷醇和气相色谱柱前衍生化,将瘤胃液和青贮液中L-和D-乳酸对映体转化为酯类非对映体对,建立同时分析发酵液中乳酸对映体和挥发酸的气相色谱检测方法。样品乳酸对映体的质量浓度在0.05~10.00 mg/mL范围内时,标准曲线的决定系数分别达到R2=0.999 5和R2=0.999 6。乳酸对映体的回收率为96.15%~108.24%,且相对标准偏差小于5%。采用本方法检测瘤胃液和青贮液样品的L-和D-乳酸对映体含量,并且与酶学检测法进行比较,2种方法的测定结果没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。发酵液中挥发酸经衍生化处理,可以与L-和D-乳酸对映体在同一色谱条件下检测,各组分在0.05~5.00 mg/mL范围内线性良好,R2=0.998 2~0.999 4。乳酸对映体和挥发酸的色谱分析在6 min完成。     

石榴皮多酚提取物对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒相关有害因子的影响

本文通过建立体外亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA)模型,研究不同添加水平的石榴皮多酚提取物(pomegranate peel polyphenol extract,PPPE)对SARA相关有害因子的影响.试验采用单因素试验设计,PPPE设3个添加水平,即分别为发酵底物质量的...     

不同粗饲料组合日粮对不同牧草在肉牛瘤胃内降解特性的影响

为研究不同粗饲料日粮在肉牛瘤胃中的降解规律,选择3头体质量相近的装有永久性瘘管的科尔沁黄牛为试验动物,饲喂含有不同苜蓿比例(0~70%)的稻草基础日粮,采用尼龙袋法测定瘤胃中7种牧草(稻草、王草、东非狼尾草、幼嫩苜蓿、苜蓿草块、三叶草、小冠花)干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)48 h的降解特性。结果显示,随着日粮中苜蓿比例的增加,7种牧草DM、CP和NDF的降解率增加,当日粮中苜蓿比例从0增到30%时,7种牧草DM、CP和NDF降解率提高的幅度比较大,苜蓿含量从50%增到70%时,降解率提高的幅度降低。苜蓿比例为70%时,稻草、王草、三叶草、小冠花、东非狼尾草DM的降解率分别比苜蓿比例0组显著高3.74%、1.96%、1.46%、1.88%、1.73%,稻草、王草、苜蓿草块、三叶草、小冠花、东非狼尾草NDF的降解率分别比苜蓿比例0组显著高5.17%、2.69%、1.69%、2.01%、1.67%、2.19%。7种牧草CP的降解率在各苜蓿比例(0、30%、50%、70%)组间差异均不显著。可见,稻草日粮中添加苜蓿可明显提高牧草DM、NDF的瘤胃降解率,对CP影响较小。     

Aflatoxin B<Subscript>1</Subscript> Binding to Sorbents in Bovine Ruminal Fluid

A recent approach to the problem of contamination of agricultural products by aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is to add non-nutritional adsorbents to animal diets in order to sequester ingested aflatoxins. We conducted in vitro experiments to develop a rapid and cheap model using ruminal fluid to assess the ability of sorbent materials to bind AFB₁. Seven sorbents (hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate; clinoptilolite; zeolite; two types of bentonite; sepiolite; and PHIL 75), commonly added to bovine diets were incubated in water and ruminal fluid in the presence of AFB₁. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, sepiolite and one of the bentonites bound 100% of the AFB₁ in the presence of both ruminal fluid and water; clinoptilolite bound about 80% of AFB₁ in both liquids; whereas the affinities for the mycotoxin of zeolite (50%) and the other sample of bentonite (60%) in water seem to be increased by about 40% in ruminal fluid incubations. PHIL 75 had the poorest binding ability: about 30% in water and 45% in ruminal fluid. In view of the differences in toxin binding in water and ruminal fluid, it is preferable to use the ruminal fluid model for the in vitro pre-screening of sorbent materials potentially useful as adjuvants to ruminant feeds.     

不同水平整粒棉籽对肉牛瘤胃机能的影响

以3头体重600±100 kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的7岁西杂阉牛为研究对象,采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究日粮中不同整粒棉籽水平对肉牛瘤胃机能的影响.3种试验日粮分别为饲喂基础日粮的对照组(CT);含13%整粒棉籽中棉籽组(MC);含25%整粒棉籽高棉籽组(HC).研究结果显示,与处理CT相比,处理MC、HC的pH平均值略有降低(-0.11、-0.09),各处理在同一个时间点的pH值变化不显著(P＞0.05).处理MC的NH3-N浓度平均值最高(7.01 mmol/L);与处理CT相比,处理MC的NH3-N浓度平均值上升0.29 mmol/L,处理HC的NH3-N浓度平均值下降0.07 mmol/L.与处理CT相比,处理MC、HC的总VFA浓度分别提高7.4%、3.5%,乙酸和丙酸浓度平均值也较处理CT有所提高,而丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值比处理CT低;3种日粮间的乙酸/丙酸的平均值存在着显著性差异(P＜0.05),其平均值分别为4.49、4.35、4.05.添加整粒棉籽会显著降低稻草和棉籽中养分的有效降解率EDP(P＜0.05).     

3种瘤胃疾病对肉牛瘤胃内环境的影响

为探讨肉牛瘤胃疾病对瘤胃内环境的影响,采集患病肉牛瘤胃液进行pH、纤毛虫数量和活力的测定,并镜检瘤胃切片.结果表明,肉牛患瘤胃疾病时,一般引起瘤胃液pH降低,酸中毒时,均值为5.03,纤毛虫活力明显减弱,数量显著下降,最低纤毛虫数量为0.病理切片结果显示,主要的病变为瘤胃出血、充血,炎性细胞浸润和固有膜损伤.可见,肉牛瘤胃疾病能极大地影响瘤胃内环境,进而影响牛的健康.