Herbage intake and ruminal digestion of dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture either in the morning or evening

This study aimed to clarify diurnal fluctuations of herbage intake, ruminal fermentation of herbage carbohydrates and proteins, and digesta particulate weight in the rumen of grazing dairy cows. Six ruminally cannulated, non‐lactating dairy cows were grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture either in the morning (04.00 to 08.00 hours) or the evening (16.00 to 20.00 hours). Cows grazed in the evening spent more time (P < 0.01) and consumed more herbage (P < 0.01) compared with cows grazed in the morning. Higher (P < 0.05) daily mean concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, propionate and n‐butyrate in rumen fluid were observed for cows grazed in the evening compared with cows grazed in the morning. Although cows grazed in the evening ingested more crude protein compared with cows grazed in the morning, no significant difference in NH₃‐N concentration in rumen fluid was observed between them. The ratio of purine‐derivative concentration to creatinine concentrations was higher (P < 0.01) in the urine of cows grazed in the evening than in cows grazed in the morning. These results clearly indicated that evening grazing was advantageous for dairy cows compared with morning grazing, in terms of ruminal fermentable energy intake and nitrogen utilization efficiency.     

颗粒日粮中添加柠条对滩羊生长性能、血液生化指标、瘤胃发酵及羊肉品质的影响

[目的]研究颗粒日粮中添加柠条对滩羊生长性能、血液生化指标、瘤胃发酵及羊肉品质的影响。[方法]选择体重相近的健康去势滩羊20只,随机分成两组,每组10只;对照组饲喂含有10%菊花粕的颗粒日粮,试验组饲喂含有6%柠条和4%菊花粕的颗粒日粮;开展周期为50天的育肥试验,测定滩羊的生长性能指标;育肥试验结束后,测定滩羊血液生化指标;屠宰后测定滩羊的屠宰性能指标,并取瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标;取背腰最长肌,测定粗脂肪、粗蛋白、氨基酸含量以及脂肪酸组成。[结果]试验组和对照组滩羊的初始体重和终末体重无显著（P>0.05）差异;试验组平均日增重较对照组降低10.84%,差异不显著（P>0.05）;对照组平均日采食量显著（P<0.05）高于试验组;两组试验羊料肉比相同。试验组滩羊血清中的总蛋白含量显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,其他血液生化指标无显著（P>0.05）差异。对照组滩羊屠宰率比试验组高1.59%,差异不显著（P>0.05）;两组试验羊肝脏重、肝脏指数、心脏和肺脏重、心脏和肺脏指数差异不显著（P>0.05）。试验组滩羊瘤胃液中丁酸浓度显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,异戊酸浓度显著（P<0.05）低于对照组。对照组和试验组滩羊背腰最长肌中分别检测出18种和20种脂肪酸,粗蛋白含量分别为17.51%和20.92%,粗脂肪含量分别为3.22%和3.89%,总氨基酸含量分别为13.25%和14.09%。[结论]颗粒日粮中加入柠条对滩羊生长性能、血液生化指标和屠宰性能影响不明显,但可改善瘤胃发酵,丰富羊肉中脂肪酸组成及含量,增加肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和氨基酸含量。     

应用反相高效液相色谱法测定绵羊瘤胃液、肉鸡粪中吲哚和粪臭素含量

[目的]建立适于绵羊瘤胃液和肉鸡粪中痕量吲哚、粪臭素测定的反相高效液相色谱法.[方法]肉鸡日粮中分别添加饲用抗生素、葡萄糖酸和乳果糖,收集13～15、20～22、33～35和40 ～41日龄肉鸡的粪;采集绵羊饲喂前(记为0h),饲喂后1.5、3、6和9h的瘤胃内容物.[结果]色谱条件,流动相:乙腈:水,流速1mL/min,柱温30℃,激发波长270nm,发射波长350nm,梯度洗脱;方法具有分离时间短(10 min以内),样品处理简单、分离度好、灵敏度高(吲哚142.8 ng/mL,绝对量2.142 ng/15 μL;粪臭素1 ng/mL,绝对量0.015ng/15 μL)的特点.葡萄糖酸组、乳果糖组肉鸡粪中吲哚含量在肉鸡34～36日龄时达到高峰值,抗生素组肉鸡粪中吲哚含量随日龄呈现上升趋势;从粪臭素含量来看,40 ～41日龄时肉鸡粪中含量有所增加,其中,饲用抗生素组、乳果糖组增加最明显,葡萄糖酸组增加最少.绵羊瘤胃液中吲哚含量在饲喂后1.5h达到最高值,饲喂800 g精料日粮时含量极显著高于饲喂400 g精料日粮,其余各时间点两种日粮之间差异不显著;而瘤胃液中粪臭素含量在饲喂后3h达到最高值,且饲喂800 g精料日粮时含量都有高于饲喂400 g精料日粮时.[结论]肉鸡粪中的吲哚、粪臭素含量不仅与日粮有关,还与肉鸡的日龄有关.饲喂两种水平的精料补充料时绵羊瘤胃液中吲哚、粪臭素含量的动态变化规律基本相似;高精料饲喂后1.5 ～9 h内,瘤胃液中的粪臭素含量普遍升高.     

丁酸对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的影响机制研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)作为反刍动物饲养中因营养代谢紊乱而高发的疾病,严重影响了反刍动物的健康和生产。近年来研究发现,丁酸作为瘤胃中主要的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),具有调控细胞增殖以及抗炎等作用。本文结合近年研究,从SARA破坏瘤胃屏障功能、诱发炎症反应的机制,重点阐述了丁酸作为信号分子和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACIs)识别G蛋白偶联受体(GPRs),促进组蛋白乙酰化、调控下游信号通路改善瘤胃上皮屏障功能和缓解炎症反应的生理过程,为更进一步研究丁酸对反刍动物SARA中的影响提供参考。     

不同RDP/RUP比例日粮对鲁西黄牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验选用3头体况健康,体重350 kg左右,并安装有瘤胃瘘管的鲁西黄牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,饲喂3种RDP/RUP比例分别为1.00∶1.00(A组)、1.22∶1.00(B组)、1.50∶1.00(C组)的等能等氮日粮,研究其对瘤胃内环境参数的昼夜动态变化规律的影响。结果表明:瘤胃pH受日粮RDP/RUP比值差异的影响不显著(P>0.05),A、B和C组pH变化范围分别为6.53~6.94、6.44~6.84和6.45~7.03。各组瘤胃pH均在饲喂后2~4 h达到最低值,随后逐渐上升;瘤胃液尿素氮以C组最高,A、B 2组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组瘤胃液尿素氮在08:00饲喂后2 h达到最高值,但20:00饲喂后各组变化趋势不一致。A、B 2组瘤胃液尿素氮浓度白天较低,夜晚较高,而C组正好相反;各组瘤胃液氨氮平均浓度差异不显著(P>0.05),动态变化趋势基本相同,均在饲喂后2 h达到最高值;瘤胃微生物蛋白(MCP)平均浓度随RDP/RUP比值升高而显著提高,C组显著高于A、B 2组(P<0.05)。各组瘤胃液MCP浓度均在饲喂后2 h达到最低值。结果显示,以瘤胃液MCP浓度为衡量指标,日粮适宜的RDP/RUP比例为1.50∶1.00。     

The Effect of Supplementation with Fresh Browse of Ziziphus mauritiana or Combretum aculeatum on Feed Intake,Nitrogen Utilization and Growth of Grazing Range Sheep

The influence of 0, 60 or 120 min access to a grove of either Ziziphus mauritiana (Ziziphus) or Combretum aculeatum (Combretum) on forage intake and on the digestibility, growth and excretion of nutrients was determined using 40 Oudah rams grazing for 7 h/day on poor-quality dry season pasture in the Sahel. The effects of browse species and browsing duration (0, 30, 60 or 120 min) on the ruminal ammonia content were also evaluated using 8 mature fistulated rams. Ziziphus increased both total digestible organic matter and total dry matter intakes per (kg live weight)^0.75 without decreasing herbage intake, whereas 60 or 120 min access to Combretum reduced herbage intake by 6.3% and 4.2%, respectively. The digestibility of the diet decreased (p<0.05) with the duration of access to the groves. Despite the provision of more nitrogen (N) than in the control diet, ruminal NH₃-N decreased 24 h after browsing commenced. The reduced live weight gain of sheep browsing Combretum may indicate more deleterious compounds in Combretum than in Ziziphus. Ziziphus appears to have more potential than Combretum to increase sheep production in low-input crop/livestock systems.     

Effect of presence of rumen protozoa on degradation of cell wall constituents in gastrointestinal tract of cattle

The cell wall constituents of feces from three faunated and three defaunated (without ruminal ciliate protozoa) cattle fed on a Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (8:5) were analyzed. There was little difference in digestibility of dry matter between the faunated and defaunated cattle. Analysis of the fecal sugar residues revealed that the digestibilities of arabinose and galactose, derived from pectic and hemicellulosic substances located within the compound middle lamella, were higher in the defaunated cattle than the faunated cattle (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibilities of glucose and xylose, derived mainly from cellulose and xylan, were unchanged by the removal of protozoa. The digestibility of lignin was not different between the faunated and defaunated cattle, but those of mannose and p‐coumaric acid were lower in the defaunated than in the faunated animals (P < 0.05). The ratio of primary cell wall to secondary cell wall in fecal plant materials was lower for the defaunated than for the faunated cattle. The results in this study suggested that the defaunation enhanced the microbial degradation of the thin cell walls, but depressed the degradation of developed cell walls.     

奶牛常用饲料干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解规律的研究

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物，在精粗比为55：45的日粮条件下，采用Insacco法测定了奶牛常用饲料瘤胃内干物质和淀粉的降解规律。试验结果表明。不同饲料干物质和淀粉的降解率不同。能量饲料中，麸皮干物质和淀粉的瘤胃降解率高于玉米：蛋白质饲料中，干物质和淀粉的降解率由高到低顺序依次是豆粕〉胡麻饼〉棉粕：常用粗料中，玉米青贮干物质和淀粉的降解率均高于青干草。     

The effects of potato pulp and feeding level of supplements on digestibility, in situ forage degradation and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six ruminally cannulated Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers (average initial bodyweight (BW) 387 ± 29 kg) were used in a split‐plot design experiment, comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole plot treatments were three different feeding levels of supplemental diet, fed at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% of BW, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Subplot treatments were two different supplemental diets: a potato pulp silage‐based diet (PPS) and a grain‐based diet (GRAIN). Chopped, medium‐quality cool‐season grass hay (predominately Timothy, Phleum pratense L) was fed daily at 0.7% BW (on a DM basis) as the basal diet. Each period consisted of 21 d, which included 11 d of adaptation to the diets and 10 d of the collection period. Chromium oxide was used as an indigestible marker. In situ forage degradation was measured using the nylon bag technique. The dry matter intake increased (linear; P < 0.01) as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Digestibility was not affected by any treatments. The GRAIN diet tended to decrease the rate of in situ forage degradation as the feeding level increased, but this trend was not found in the steers fed the PPS diet. Steers fed the GRAIN diet had a lower (P < 0.1) ruminal pH compared with steers fed the PPS diet. Ruminal pH was not significantly affected by feeding level; however, it was numerically higher for steers supplemented at 0.2% per BW than that for the steers supplemented above 0.4% per BW due probably to the higher starch intake. The total volatile fatty acids concentration numerically increased as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Increasing the feeding level decreased (linear, P < 0.01) the proportion of acetate. Neither diet nor the feeding level had any effects on the proportion of ruminal propionate. The results suggested that, for steers fed the PPS diet, there are not adverse effects on forage digestion in the rumen that occur as the feeding level is increased.     

阴离子饲粮对活体外瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质消化的影响

应用双外流连续培养系统模拟瘤胃发酵,研究不同阴阳离子差(DCAD)水平的阴离子饲粮对活体外瘤胃发酵和营养物质消化率的影响。试验分2期进行,每期12个发酵罐,3个1组,分别投入4种不同DCAD水平的饲粮:+120-、9-、77-、145 mEq/kgDM,后3种饲粮通过添加阴离子添加剂降低DCAD。结果表明:①阴离子饲粮对瘤胃发酵pH值、氨态氮浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、主要挥发酸的摩尔比例均没有显著影响(P>0.2)。②对饲粮干物质、有机质、中性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白消化率没有显著影响(P>0.2)。③对瘤胃微生物合成效率没有显著影响(P>0.2)。试验结论为阴离子饲粮对活体外瘤胃发酵和饲粮营养物质消化率没有显著影响。