蛋氨酸来源调控机体蛋氨酸代谢的研究进展

蛋氨酸是畜禽必需氨基酸之一,常用蛋氨酸类添加物包括DL-蛋氨酸(DL-methionine,DLM)和蛋氨酸羟基类似物(Methionine hydroxyl analogue,MHA)等。关于此两类蛋氨酸源生物学效价研究较多,但结果并不一致,因此近年来的研究试图揭示不同蛋氨酸源调控蛋氨酸代谢的规律,以寻求效价异同的理化机制。本文综述了近年来有关蛋氨酸源在动物体内吸收和代谢方面的研究,以便为正确评价其生物学效价和在生产实践中合理使用提供理论依据。     

过瘤胃赖氨酸对奶牛产乳量及乳成分的影响

试验采用随机分组试验设计,选择健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛48头,按照胎次、产奶量、泌乳日期一致原则,均匀分成4组,试验各组基础日粮相同,就饲粮中添加过瘤胃赖氨酸对乳牛产乳量及乳成分的影响进行研究。4个处理组分别为：对照组（0添加组）不添加过瘤胃赖氨酸（RPLys）、试验Ⅰ组添加10g/（头·d）、试验Ⅱ组添加20g/（头·d）和试验Ⅲ组添加30g/（头·d）。试验结果显示：经过饲喂后,试验各组与对照组相比,产奶量显著提高;试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅱ组都与对照组差异显著（P〈0.05）,其中试验Ⅲ组与对照组差异极显著（P〈0.01）;乳蛋白含量有所提高,其中试验Ⅲ组与对照组有显著差异（P〈0.05）;其他乳成分指标略有提高,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

有机微量元素的生物学利用率研究

为了探明猪对蛋氨酸羟基类似物的微量元素螯合的生物学利用率,选择8头3月龄二元杂交去势公猪,采用代谢试验方法研究了铜、铁、锌、锰的蛋氨酸羟基类似物的螯合物(Cu MHA,Fe MHA,Zn MHA,Mn MHA)与其相应的无机盐的生物学利用率,并以此研究Cu MHA,Fe MHA,Zn MHA,Mn MHA的相对生物学效价.结果表明:1)Cu MHA和Zn MHA的生物学利用率分别极显著高于CuSO4·H2O和ZnSO4·H2O,Fe MHA和Mn MHA的生物学利用率分别显著高于FeSO4·H2O和MnSO4·H2O.2)Cu MHA,Fe MHA,Zn MHA和Mn MHA的相对生物学效价(以相应的硫酸盐为100%)分别为191.47%,142.44%,191.74%和147.30%.     

蛋氨酸螯合锌替代硫酸锌对肉鸡生产性能、肉品质及抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究蛋氨酸螯合锌替代硫酸锌对肉鸡生产性能、肉品质及抗氧化指标的影响。试验选用1日龄体重接近的健康爱拔益加（AA）肉公鸡200只,随机分为2个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复20只鸡。各处理组肉鸡均饲喂基础日粮且将Zn的添加水平定为40 mg/kg,其中处理1组以硫酸锌形式添加锌,处理2组以蛋氨酸螯合锌形式添加锌。试验期为42 d。结果表明,①与硫酸锌相比,蛋氨酸螯合锌显著降低了22~42 d和1~42 d肉鸡的料重比（P < 0.05）,但对各阶段肉鸡平均日采食量、平均日增重以及21和42 d肉鸡体重均无显著影响（P > 0.05）。②蛋氨酸螯合锌替代硫酸锌对42 d肉鸡宰前体重、屠体重、全净膛重、腿肌重、屠宰率、胸肌率和腿肌率均无显著影响（P > 0.05）,但显著降低了42 d肉鸡全净膛率（P < 0.05）,增加了42 d肉鸡胸肌重、腹脂重和腹脂率（P < 0.05）。③蛋氨酸螯合锌替代硫酸锌对42 d肉鸡胸肌肉色、滴水损失和蒸煮损失均无显著影响（P > 0.05）。④与硫酸锌相比,蛋氨酸螯合锌显著提高了21和42 d肉鸡血清铜锌—超氧化物歧化酶（CuZn-SOD）活力以及42 d肉鸡血清总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）（P < 0.05）,降低了21 d肉鸡血清丙二醛（MDA）含量（P < 0.05）,但对21和42 d肉鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力无显著影响。由此可见,蛋氨酸螯合锌替代硫酸锌具有提高肉鸡生产性能和抗氧化功能的作用。     

Sulfur Metabolism and Protein Quality of Soybean

Abstract

Soybean is an important source of protein in livestock production, and is of growing importance for human consumption. As a sole dietary protein source, soybean seed protein is deficient in the amino acids methionine, cysteine, and threonine. Increasing the amount of methionine in the amino acid profile of soybean meal would enhance its value for producers and consumers. Methionine contains S, and so its production is necessarily linked to sulfur metabolism within the soybean plant. Sulfur is taken up from the soil in the form of sulfate. During vegetative growth, developing leaves appear to be the predominate site of sulfate reduction and incorporation of reduced S into amino acids. During reproductive growth, developing pods and seeds seem to be the predominate location of sulfate reduction. Sulfate reduction and methionine synthesis are complex and highly regulated processes. Synthesis of storage proteins within the developing seed is sensitive to the amount of methionine present such that provision of extra methionine blocks synthesis of poor quality storage proteins. Sulfur deficiency on the other hand dramatically enhances accrual of poor quality seed storage proteins. It appears that the plant manufacturers higher qualty storage proteins as long as methionine is present in adequate quanitities relative to the non-S-amino acids. Accumulation of poor-quality seed storage proteins thus appears to be a function, at least to some degree, of rate of methionine synthesis within the seed. Efforts to enhance soybean seed protein quality may require enhanced rates of methionine synthesis within the seed to be successful.     

Modelling of threonine and methionine requirements of Oreochromis niloticus due to principles of the diet dilution technique

Two growth studies (56 days) were conducted with juvenile all male Oreochromis niloticus, using six mixed diets with threonine and five mixed diets, with methionine as the first limiting amino acid (LAA), respectively. Diets were randomly assigned to four repetition tanks with 25 fish per tank. Growth results and body nutrient analyses yielded protein deposition data depending on the uptake of the LAA. For further modelling, a nonlinear N‐utilization model was utilized for assessing the dietary efficiency of threonine and methionine utilization, respectively. By use of the observed dietary AA efficiency, threonine and methionine requirement data were established, depending on the daily protein deposition. The optimal dietary AA concentrations (8.3 g kg⁻¹ versus 9.9 g kg⁻¹ threonine; 7.3 g kg⁻¹ versus 8.8 g kg⁻¹ methionine) were derived for 70% of the potential for protein deposition (ND_maxT) and predicted daily feed intake (3% versus 2.5% of BW). Observed methionine requirements are imposing for the upper limit for methionine replacement by cystine and minimal catabolism of methionine to yield cystine. Generally, the modelling provided requirement data in line with current recommendations. Variation of the dietary AA efficiency by modelling procedure ranks this factor as very important for the conclusion of amino acid requirement data.     

甜菜碱替代部分蛋氨酸喂肉鸡的试验

本试验检验了在肉仔鸡日粮中用甜菜碱替代部分蛋氨酸对增重及饲料转化率的影响。试验选用"AA"肉仔鸡1480只,试验组780只,分为6个重复,每个重复130只。对照组700只分为5个重复。每个重复140只,试验组用山东曲阜圣旺制药有限公司生产的无水甜菜碱,纯品≥97％。试验结果表明:前期(0-21日龄)日增重和体重在各处理组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。中期(22-35日龄)试验组日增重和体重好于对照组(P<0.05)。后期(36-49日龄)试验组日增重较对照组差(P<0.05),整个试验期试验组肉仔鸡的成活率比对照组高出5.859个百分点。     

蛋氨酸对动物生长发育及毛发生长调控作用的研究进展

蛋氨酸(Met)是动物生长必需氨基酸中唯一含硫氨基酸,其可参与机体内众多代谢途径,为动物提供甲基,合成动物生长所需要的蛋白质和生物活性物质,是动物生长和毛发生长的第一限制性氨基酸。日粮中必须添加适量的蛋氨酸才能满足动物生长需要,对毛皮动物,蛋氨酸还会影响毛发的生长和品质,所以蛋氨酸又被称为"生命性氨基酸"。本文综述了蛋氨酸在动物生长发育及毛发生长中的调控作用,以期为蛋氨酸在畜牧生产中的科学应用提供参考。     

过瘤胃蛋氨酸与过瘤胃赖氨酸不同组合对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)与过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)不同组合对奶牛微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响。选取年龄、体重、胎次、产奶量、乳成分及泌乳期相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为10个组,每组4头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组添加不同水平的RPMet和RPLys。RPMet设置3个梯度,添加水平分别为22.5(L)、25.0(M)、27.5g/(d·头)(H);RPLys设置3个梯度,添加水平分别为27.5(L)、30.0(M)、32.5g/(d·头)(H),共组成9个不同组合,分别为LL、ML、HL、LM、MM、HM、LH、MH、HH组(第1个字母为RPMet添加水平,第2个字母为RPLys添加水平)。预试期15d,正试期60d。结果表明:1)在瘤胃微生物蛋白产量方面,各试验组与对照组相比均有所提高,其中MM、HM组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。2)在产奶量方面,各试验组均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),其中以MM组最高,提高幅度达18.61%。3)在乳成分方面,各试验组乳脂率与对照组相比均有所提高,LM、HM、MM组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各试验组乳蛋白率与对照组相比均有所提高,MM、HL、LM、ML、HH、HM、LH组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各试验组乳体细胞数与对照组相比均有所降低,MH、MM、HL、LH、LM组极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。4)在氮总排泄量方面,各试验组均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),其中以MM组最低,降低幅度达11.00%。MM组粪氮、尿氮极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),MM、MH、HL组氮表观消化率、氮沉积极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。综合各项试验指标,以25.0g/(d·头)RPMet+30.0g/(d·头)RPLys为最佳组合。     

Effects of dietary amino acid supplementation on measures of whole‐body and muscle protein metabolism in aged horses

The objective of this study was to examine markers of whole‐body and muscle protein metabolism in aged horses fed a diet typical for North American aged horses, supplemented with amino acids. In a replicated Latin square design, six aged horses (20 ± 1.1 years) were studied while receiving each of three isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets, a control treatment concentrate (CON; 100 mg/kg^?1 BW day^?1 lysine, 84 mg kg^?1 day^?1 threonine, 51 mg kg^?1 day^?1 methionine), LYS/THR (134 mg kg^?1 BW day^?1 lysine, 110 mg kg^?1 BW day^?1 threonine, 52 mg kg^?1 BW day^?1 methionine) and LYS/THR/MET (132 mg kg^?1 BW day^?1 lysine, 112 mg kg^?1 BW day^?1 threonine, 62 mg kg^?1 BW day^?1 methionine). In each 15‐days period, urine and faeces were collected for assessment of nitrogen balance. Blood samples were collected before and after feeding for analysis of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), glucose, insulin and plasma amino acid concentrations. Skeletal muscle samples were collected for measurement of proteins associated with muscle protein synthesis and degradation, and horses underwent stable isotope infusion procedures for comparison of differences in whole‐body rates of protein synthesis and degradation. There was no effect of treatment on relative abundance of proteins involved in protein synthesis, nitrogen retention or phenylalanine kinetics. PUN concentrations tended to be higher for LYS/THR (p = 0.054) and were higher for LYS/THR/MET (p = 0.0056) than for CON. Atrogin‐1 abundance tended to be higher in the post‐absorptive state for the CON treatment (p = 0.07), indicating that amino acid supplementation resulted in less muscle protein degradation when horses were in the post‐absorptive state. However, lack of differences in nitrogen retention and phenylalanine kinetics indicated that whole‐body protein metabolism was not improved, and higher PUN concentrations in the supplemented diets suggest that the supplemented amino acids may have been catabolized. Amino acid availability was not limiting protein synthesis in the sedentary aged horses in this study when fed the CON diet.