Choline supplementation to low methionine diets increase phospholipids in Atlantic salmon,while taurine supplementation had no effects on phospholipid status,but improved taurine status

Phosphatidylcholine is synthesized endogenously through the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine–methyl transferase. As endogenous choline synthesis requires methyl groups from S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM), the endogenous synthesis of choline may depend on SAM availability. SAM availability depends on methionine and ATP. SAM is also a precursor for cysteine and may affect taurine and glutathione concentrations. To investigate whether choline synthesis or transsulphuration is prioritized and the interactions between taurine and choline supplementation when methionine availability is low, juvenile Atlantic salmon were fed low methionine diets with and without taurine and choline supplementation. There were no differences in growth or protein accretion following treatments. Fish fed the low methionine diets did not develop a fatty liver, but choline supplementation increased the concentration of total phospholipids in liver and muscle. Taurine supplementation increased taurine concentrations in liver and muscle, but no interactions with choline were present. Liver SAM was unaffected by treatments. Two of three tanks fed the low methionine diet without choline and taurine supplementation had a higher gene expression of p38MAPK (mitogen activated phosphokinase). Choline supplementation to low methionine diets thus may have beneficial effect on the metabolic health and lipid transport to extra‐hepatic tissues. Taurine supplementation had no effect on phospholipids status, but increased taurine concentration in tissues and as such may affect oxidation status when methionine availability is low.     

Fishmeal levels can be successfully reduced in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) if supplemented with DL‐Methionine (DL‐Met) or DL‐Methionyl‐DL‐Methionine (Met‐Met)

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of methionine supplementation when reducing fishmeal levels in diets for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Tested diets consisted of a positive control with 260 g/kg fishmeal (D1), two negative controls with 100 g/kg fishmeal and no amino acid (AA) supplementation (D2) or supplemented with lysine but not methionine (D3), and four additional diets with 100g/kg fishmeal supplemented with increasing levels of DL‐Met (1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 g/kg) (D4, D5, D6) or Met‐Met (1.0 g/kg) (D7). Each diet was fed to four groups of 30 shrimp for 8 weeks at a daily rate of 70 g/kg body weight. Reduction in fishmeal from 260 g/kg down to 100 g/kg did not significantly affect survival rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) or protein retention efficiency (PR%) of white shrimp. However, growth performance (final body weight, FBW; weight gain, WG; specific growth rate, SGR) was reduced when dietary fishmeal level was reduced from 260 g/kg (D1) to 100 g/kg without methionine supplementation (D2). The growth performance (FBW, WG and SGR) of shrimp was significantly increased by supplementation of the 100 g/kg fishmeal diet with increasing levels of DL‐Met (p < .05). Same performance as positive control (D1) was achieved with diets containing 100 g/kg fishmeal and supplemented with 3.0 g/kg DL‐Met or 1.0 g/kg Met‐Met. The highest values of growth performance (FBW, WG and SGR) were found in shrimp fed D6 and D7 diets, which were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed D2 and D3 diets (p < .05) but without statistical differences with shrimp fed D1, D4 and D5 diets (p > .05). The highest values of whole‐body and muscle protein contents were found in shrimp fed D1 diet, which were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed all other diets (p < .05). The highest value of intestinal tract proteolytic enzyme activity was found in shrimp fed Met‐Met‐supplemented diet (D7) and followed by the positive control diet (D1) and 3 g/kg DL‐Met‐supplemented diet (D6) (p < .05). The highest values of apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude protein were found in Met‐Met‐supplemented diet (D7) and followed by the positive control diet (D1) (p < .05). Shrimp fed the D1 diet showed the highest value of total essential amino acid (EAA) and was significantly higher than shrimp fed D2–D3 (p < .05) but without significant difference with shrimp fed D4–D7 (p > .05). In conclusion, results showed that same performance can be achieved with diets containing 260 or 100 g/kg fishmeal supplemented with 3.0 g/kg DL‐Met or 1.0 g/kg Met‐Met. Moreover, supplementation of limiting methionine in low‐fishmeal diets seems to improve the digestive proteolytic activity, improving digestibility of dry matter and protein, and eventually to promote growth of juvenile white shrimp in fishmeal reduction diets.     

蛋氨酸铜对西门塔尔牛发情周期生殖激素分泌的影响

选用16头18月龄,体况良好,体重380±26 kg的西门塔尔牛育成母牛,采用完全随机区组设计分为4组,以蛋氨酸铜为铜源,研究日粮加铜(0、8、16和24 mg/kg)对发情周期生殖激素分泌规律的影响.结果表明:8 mg/kg组和16 mg/kg组显著提高了发情周期LH、FSH、P4和E2水平(P＜0.05);24 mg/kg组有所提高,但不显著(P＞0.05).说明添加蛋氨酸铜8～16 mg/kg对发情周期生殖激素分泌有显著促进作用.考虑基础日粮的含铜量,建议日粮铜水平为:13.87～21.87 mg/kg.     

蛋氨酸添加剂在动物生产上的应用

从蛋氨酸的理化特性、吸收代谢机制、蛋氨酸添加剂的作用及应用状况等方面阐述蛋氨酸的研究进展、存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

Dietary methionine affects growth and the expression of key genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis and glucose metabolism in cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

Juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a carnivorous fish, was chosen to examine the effects of methionine (Met) supplementation of low fishmeal diets on growth and the expression of key genes related to hepatic lipogenesis and glucose metabolism. Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain 7.2, 9.0, 10.0, 12.4, 14.1, 16.3 and 18.6 g/kg dietary Met levels. Healthy cobia (initial average weight ± SE = 9.79 ± 0.04 g) were randomly assigned into seven groups in triplicate with 40 individuals per sea cage for 8 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR) of fish increased as the dietary Met was increased up to 12.4 g/kg and then decreased. The expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and target of rapamycin (TOR) genes was inhibited by the Met‐deficient diets. The mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1 (SREBP1) genes increased with increasing dietary Met until 12.4 g/kg after which the former remained constant, whereas the latter decreased from 12.4 to 18.6 g/kg Met. The mRNA levels of pyruvate kinase (PK) increased as the dietary Met levels increased, reaching a peak at 12.4 g/kg, and then decreased with further increases in Met. However, the mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) decreased as the dietary Met was increased up to 12.4 g/kg and then remained constant from 12.4 to 18.6 g/kg Met. In conclusion, based on the straight broken‐line analysis of WGR against dietary Met levels, the optimal dietary Met requirement for juvenile cobia was estimated to be 12.4 g/kg (26.9 g/kg dietary protein). A diet with the optimal level of Met induces fish growth and is associated with increased IGF‐I and TOR.     

蛋氨酸锌在山羊体内存留与分布

为揭示蛋氨酸锌在山羊体内存留与分布的规律,将１０浆体重为９ｋｇ左右的健康浏阳黑公山羊分成两组,分别饲喂＾６５Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｒ与＾６５ＺｎＳＯ４两种不同来源的同位素锌,研究螯合盐中锌在山羊体内的分布与存留。结果表明：在试验前期体内富集的锌,蛋氨酸锌组为４８．１ｍｇ,硫酸锌组为３５．４０ｍｇ,前者比后者多富集１３．０１ｍｇ,存留率分别为４０．３７％与２９．５０％。各组织器官中锌的存留量分别为２．３６,１．     

过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬对围产期奶牛干物质采食量、奶产量及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加过瘤胃胆碱和有机铬对围产期奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)、奶产量及血液生化指标的影响.选取40头健康、经产(平均胎次1～2胎)的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组10头牛.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,胆碱组饲喂基础饲粮+30 g/d过瘤胃胆碱,有机铬组饲喂基础饲粮+8g/d蛋氨酸铬,混合组饲喂基础饲粮+30...     

Effects of dietary substitution of zinc‐methionine for inorganic zinc sources on growth performance,tissue zinc accumulation and some blood parameters in broiler chicks

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of zinc‐methionine (ZnMet) as a replacement for conventional inorganic zinc sources on performance, tissue zinc accumulation and some plasma indices in broiler chicks. A total of 450‐day‐old Ross male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five pen replicates of nine experimental diets. Dietary treatments consisted of two basal diets supplemented with 40 mg/kg added Zn as feed‐grade Zn sulphate or Zn oxide in which, Zn was replaced with that supplied from ZnMet complex by 25, 50, 75 or 100%. At 42 days of age, three randomly selected birds from each pen were bled to measure plasma metabolites; then, the chicks were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics. Results showed that dietary treatments affected (p < 0.05) feed intake during the starter period, and chicks on Zn oxide diets consumed more feed than sulphate counterparts. Furthermore, dietary substitution of inorganic Zn sources by ZnMet caused improvements (p < 0.01) in body weight gain during all experimental periods. Dietary supplementation of ZnMet improved feed conversion efficiency during 1–21 and 1–42, but not in 21–42 days of age. Complete replacement of inorganic Zn by that supplied from ZnMet caused an increase (p < 0.05) in relative liver weight. Similarly, dietary inclusion of ZnMet increased breast meat and carcass yields and reduced abdominal fat percentage (p < 0.05). Incremental levels of ZnMet increased (p < 0.05) zinc concentrations in liver and thymus, and the highest zinc accumulations were seen in 100% ZnMet‐supplemented birds. Interestingly, introduction of ZnMet into the diets partially in place of inorganic sources resulted in decreases (p < 0.01) in plasma uric acid and triglycerides concentrations. The present findings indicated that dietary ZnMet inclusion in replacement of inorganic sources in addition to improving growth performance, reduced plasma uric acid and triglycerides concentrations, consequently decreased abdominal fat pad and increased carcass meat yield.     

两种有机锌源对新生犊牛生长性能及锌代谢的影响

【目的】 探究饲粮中添加两种不同有机锌源对新生犊牛生长性能及锌代谢的影响。【方法】 试验随机选取30头新生荷斯坦母犊牛（体重39.4 kg±0.8 kg）,随机分为3组,每组10头牛,对照组只饲喂牛乳,不添加有机锌;蛋白锌组和蛋氨酸锌组每头牛分别添加522.82 mg/d的蛋白锌和467.88 mg/d的蛋氨酸锌（均相当于80 mg Zn/d）。试验期14 d。在犊牛1日龄及14日龄晨饲前,测量每头犊牛体重,计算平均日增重。每天记录牛乳采食量,用于计算平均日采食量和料重比。每天晨饲前,由专人对犊牛粪便进行评分,计算犊牛腹泻率。在14日龄晨饲前,采集犊牛血清样品,用于测定血清中的钙、磷、锌、铜和铁浓度、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性、金属硫蛋白、丙二醛浓度以及总抗氧化能力。【结果】 与对照组相比,添加蛋氨酸锌显著提高了犊牛平均日增重（P<0.05）,添加蛋白锌和蛋氨酸锌均降低犊牛腹泻率并提高血清锌浓度（P<0.05）,且蛋氨酸锌组犊牛的血清锌浓度显著高于蛋白锌组（P<0.05）。添加蛋氨酸锌显著降低犊牛血清铜浓度（P<0.05）,而蛋白锌组犊牛的血清铜浓度与对照组之间无显著差异（P>0.05）。添加有机锌源显著增加了犊牛血清中金属硫蛋白的浓度（P<0.05）,但仅蛋氨酸锌提高了犊牛血清碱性磷酸酶活性（P<0.05）;蛋氨酸锌能够显著提高犊牛血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性及总抗氧化能力（P<0.05）,但是蛋白锌对其无显著影响（P>0.05）;蛋白锌和蛋氨酸锌均可显著降低血清丙二醛浓度（P<0.05）。【结论】 饲粮中添加蛋氨酸锌能够提高犊牛的生长性能,降低腹泻率,改善机体锌代谢水平,且其效果优于蛋白锌,因此建议在犊牛饲粮中以蛋氨酸锌形式添加80 mg Zn/d。     

玉米S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因家族成员在盐胁迫条件下的差异表达

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMS)是植物代谢过程中的一个关键酶,催化甲基供体和化合物前体S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的合成.为研究S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因在盐胁迫条件下的响应和功能,以玉米甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因为内参基因,通过半定量RT-PCR法分析玉米SAMS基因在盐胁迫条件下的表达模式.结果表明,玉米SAM...