菊粉体外培养猪鲜粪对其微生物数量的影响

通过体外培养法探讨菊粉对猪鲜粪培养物pH和其中微生物数量的影响。试验设计0、1、2、4、6和8g／L6个菊粉水平分别进行体外厌氧培养生长猪鲜粪，24h后测定培养基pH、大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和总细菌数量的变化。结果表明，随着菊粉添加水平的增加，培养物pH和大肠杆菌数直线下降（P〈O．001），而乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌以及总细菌数则直线上升（P〈0．01或P=0．059）。提示菊粉可促进猪鲜粪培养物中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的增殖，抑制大肠杆菌的滋长，从而使总细菌数增加，pH下降，并具有剂量应答关系。     

康宁木霉固态发酵改善茶渣营养价值

本试验旨在研究康宁木霉固态发酵茶渣,提高茶渣营养价值,并筛选出最佳的发酵条件。用单因素试验优化发酵茶渣的基质比例（茶渣∶玉米粉=6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1）、料液比（3∶7、4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3）、接种量（2%、4%、6%、8%、10%）、发酵温度（25、28、31、34、37 ℃）和发酵时间（0、2、4、6、8、10、14、22 d）。以基质比例、发酵温度、接种量和发酵时间为影响因素,进行L9（3⁴）正交试验确定茶渣最优发酵条件。测定各组发酵产物粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原糖、黄酮、皂苷和咖啡因含量,计算各组合的综合评分。确定最优条件后进行对比试验,比较了发酵前后茶渣的营养成分、活性物质和游离氨基酸含量。结果表明：1）单因素试验中,以下条件的综合评分最高：基质比例为7∶3,料液比为5∶5,接种量为8%,发酵温度为31 ℃,发酵时间为6 d。2）正交试验表明,康宁木霉发酵茶渣（料液比为5∶5）的最佳条件是：基质比例为7.0∶2.5,发酵温度为31 ℃,接种量为7%,发酵时间为6或7 d。3）与未发酵茶渣相比,最优条件下发酵茶渣的粗蛋白质、还原糖、黄酮、咖啡因、多种游离氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸/总氨基酸、风味氨基酸/总氨基酸均显著提高（P<0.05）,皂苷含量显著降低（P<0.001）,粗脂肪含量与未发酵茶渣无显著差异（P>0.05）。发酵6和7 d的茶渣营养成分和活性物质含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。由此可见,康宁木霉发酵茶渣能够改善茶渣的营养价值。     

驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内纤维物质降解的影响

选取3只体况良好,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羊与小尾寒羊的杂交一代公羊,运用尼龙袋法研究全部驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内稻草纤维物质降解的影响.结果表明：全部驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌后,改变了瘤胃内纤维物质的降解动力学参数,显著降低了瘤胃内稻草DM、NDF、ADF的降解速率（P＜0.05）,显著提高了三者的消化延滞时间（P＜0.05）,显著降低了稻草NDF、ADF的降解率,而DM的降解率有所降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）.说明瘤胃真菌在纤维物质降解中发挥了重要的作用.     

Effects of dietary fructo-oligosaccharide on villous height and disaccharidase activity of the small intestine,pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations in the large intestine of weaned pigs

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate changes in the lumen and wall of the intestinal tract of weaned pigs caused by fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and consequences for growth. Twelve male pigs weaned at 24 days were individually housed and fed either control, 0.25% FOS, or 3% FOS diets for 21 days after weaning. The pH of chyme in the caecum and proximal colon were lower (p<0.001) in 3% FOS compared to other treatments. Mean molar proportions (%) of total SCFA values along the large intestine were significantly affected by FOS diet. Acetic acid was significantly higher in control compared with other treatments. Butyric acid and isobutyric acid were significantly increased in 0.25 and 3% FOS compared to the control. Feed intake, empty body weight gain, disaccharidase activities and villous height in the small intestine were not significantly affected by FOS. It was concluded that dietary FOS stimulates fermentation in the large intestine, but does not significantly affect enzyme activity, ammonia content, villous height and growth.     

Effects of misty‐fan cooling and supplemental rbST on rumen function and milk production of crossbred Holstein cattle during early,mid and late lactation in a tropical environment

Two groups of five crossbred 87.5% Holstein cattle were housed in normal shade only (NS) as non‐cooled cows and in shaded housing with misty‐fan cooling (MF) as cooled cows. The cows were treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in early, mid and late lactation with three consecutive injections of rbST in every 14 days. Ambient temperatures and the temperature humidity index in the NS barn were significantly higher than those of the MF barn, whereas relative humidity in MF was higher than that of NS barn. The DMI of cooled cows were higher than those of non‐cooled cows, and cooled cows exhibited more response to rbST treatment. Exogenous rbST significantly increased milk yield throughout lactation. The rbST‐treated cows had higher total ruminal fermentation products as volatile fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen than the non‐rbST treated cows and associated changes were greater in cooled animals in all stages of lactation. Exogenous rbST increased the concentrations of milk urea nitrogen in both groups. These results suggest that the changes in ruminal fermentation with greater production of total VFA and NH₃N in response to rbST in crossbred cows whether under misty‐fan cooling or not, is in part through an increase in feed intake, thereby making more substrate available to the mammary gland for milk synthesis.     

猪粪干、湿法厌氧发酵过程中碳、氮的流失

试验以新鲜猪粪为发酵原料,研究湿法和干法两种不同厌氧发酵过程的碳、氮排放量。湿发酵和干发酵组发酵料液的总固体(TS)含量分别为8%和20%,发酵液pH为6.8~7.4,发酵温度为35℃,体积为1.2 L,周期为21 d。试验期间每天测产气量,每4天取发酵样,测其全氮含量和TS降解率。结果表明,湿法和干法发酵组的CH4总产气量分别为9114 mL和12537 mL;CO2的总产气量分别为251.90 mmol和343.67 mmol;TS降解率分别为52.5%和29%。湿发酵的碳流失率和全氮流失率极显著高于干发酵(P<0.05)。     

鹿产品检测的研究进展

鹿产品是珍贵的中药材,目前市场上存在着严重的以假充真,以次充好的现象,科研工作者对鹿产品的检测做了大量的研究工作。作者回顾了近年来鹿产品检测方面的研究进展,分别从性状检测、显微检测、理化检测及分子检测等几种主要检测方法进行综述,为鹿产品检测的进一步研究提供了参考依据,同时提出了鹿产品检测中存在的问题及进一步研究方向。     

稻秆和麦秸纤维成分瘤胃降解特性的比较研究

本试验用３头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的阉马头山羊，依瘤胃尼龙袋法分别测定了稻秆和麦秸全植株不同形态部分及不同节段的干物质、细胞内容物，中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的瘤胃４８小时降解率，比较分析表明：麦秸和稻秆不同形态部分的差异是其营养价值差异性的真正来源；纤维成分瘤胃降解率相互间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），农作物品种的影响也极其明显。     

早期营养干预对幼龄反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系发育的影响

正常稳定的瘤胃微生物区系是反刍动物瘤胃健康的重要指标,且在瘤胃结构形态发育、微生物定植模式、免疫功能调节及抵御外源致病因子侵袭等方面发挥着重要积极作用.最近研究表明,新生反刍动物瘤胃微生物组成相对单一,但随着早期瘤胃发育过程中不同微生物群落相继开始定植并占据不同的生态位,此时的营养干预可能会形成特定的微生物群落组合并产...     

牛结核病的防控

牛结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种人畜共患慢性传染病.为有效控制和净化牛结核病,切实保障畜牧业生产安全、动物产品质量安全和公共卫生安全,必须坚持预防为主、因地制宜、分类指导、逐步净化的防控方针和策略,把养殖场(户)作为防控本病的主体,不断完善奶牛养殖场生物安全体系,严格落实监测净化、检疫监管、无害化处理、应急处置等综合...