Identification of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes with early storage root bulking

Early bulking (EB) cassava varieties shorten the growth period from planting to harvesting. Cassava is preferred by farmers to many other crops because of its high-yielding potential and ability to survive a 4- to 6-month dry season. However, the crop in some cases is only able to remain alive during the dry season without further starch accumulation. This and some other factors, such as pest destruction during dry season and inability to use the same land for cultivation of other crops such as vegetables, therefore necessitate the development of EB cassava genotypes. The objective of this study was therefore to identify EB cassava genotypes using the difference in fresh storage root yield (FSRY) at different plant ages. Thirty-four cassava genotypes were evaluated at Umudike and Otobi in Nigeria in two seasons at two plant ages of 7 and 12 months after planting (MAP) for FSRY. The data generated were used to classify the cassava genotypes as EB or late bulking (LB). Cassava genotypes with less than 100% increase in FSRY at 12 MAP over the yield at 7 MAP were regarded as EB, whereas those with more than 100% increase were regarded as LB genotypes. This basis was used considering the fact that root thickening in cassava commences at about 2 MAP; hence, the root yield at 7 and 12 MAP represents accumulation of assimilates for 5 and 10 months, respectively. About 65%, 62%, and 79% of the genotypes were classified as EB genotypes at Otobi, Umudike, and across the two locations, respectively.     

基于过程降雨的红层丘陵低山区滑坡灾害气象预警阈值研究

[目的] 研究不同历时降雨强度与区域滑坡灾害的关系,并对滑坡灾害的气象预警阈值进行研究,为地方管理部门地质灾害预警提供科学依据。 [方法] 收集了2013—2021年研究区348个雨量站的逐小时降雨数据和231处近10 a已发生灾情、险情滑坡事件的时间及位置,基于平均降雨强度(I)—降雨历时(D)模型,分地貌单元,提出了不同降雨历时的临界降雨预警阈值和分级预警阈值。 [结果] 研究区丘陵地貌区不同前期降雨条件下1,3,6,12,24和48 h平均雨强的红色预警阈值依次为29.774,18.579,14.416,11.186,8.679和6.734 mm;低山地貌区不同前期降雨条件下1,3,6,12,24和48 h平均雨强的红色预警阈值依次为28.849,15.542,10.520,7.121,4.820和3.263 mm。 [结论] 在24 h前期降雨条件下,低山区对降雨的敏感性明显比丘陵区高,具体表现为低山区1,3,6,12和24 h的临界预警阈值明显比丘陵区更低,但随着降雨历时进一步延长,低山区和丘陵区域临界预警阈值趋于相近。     

全膜微垄沟播对寒旱区春小麦苗期土壤水热环境及光合作用的影响

克服春季寒旱生境限制是提高西北黄土高原寒旱区春小麦产量的关键要素之一,为了明确全膜微垄沟播对春小麦苗期土壤温度和水分的影响,明确水热条件改善对春小麦苗期光合作用的调节机制,2016—2018年在西北黄土高原寒旱区开展大田定位试验,以陇春35号为试验材料,设全膜微垄沟播(PRF)、全膜覆土穴播(PMS)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,分别在春小麦播种后18、25和32 d测定土壤温度和土壤含水量、春小麦生物量、叶片SPAD、光合速率、蒸腾速率等,计算土壤贮水量、阶段耗水量、生长速率等。研究结果表明,在春小麦播种后18、25和32 d, PRF和PMS在0～25 cm土层平均土壤温度分别较CK提高3.6°C、3.0°C、2.0°C和2.9°C、2.5°C、1.7°C;在播种后18 d和25d,PRF处理在0、5、10cm土层的土壤温度较PMS提高1.3°C、0.9°C、0.9°C和0.8°C、0.7°C、0.7°C。PRF和PMS 0～40 cm土壤贮水量在3个阶段依次较CK提高7.3、9.7和12.6 mm和3.9、7.6和11.0 mm;在播种后18 d, PRF0～40 cm各土层依次较...     

基于卡尔曼滤波的降雨起止时间手机远程监测装置研制

为解决设施农业的降雨监测系统难以精准检测降雨起止信号的问题,研制了一种降雨起止时间远程监测装置.该装置主要由雨水感应模块、雨水检测电路、单片机、通用分组无线电系统数据传输单元模块(General Packet Radio System Data Transmission Unit,GPRS DTU)、串口通信电路和手机...     

Can harvest outsourcing services reduce field harvest losses of rice in China?

The purpose of this study is to quantify the rice harvest losses in China and to evaluate the impacts of machinery and harvest outsourcing services on these losses, given the background of high-speed mechanization and outsourcing services. Data were collected from a national survey conducted in 2016 by the research team in conjunction with the Research Center for the Rural Economy of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. A non-parametric method was used to test whether combine harvesting and outsourcing services could significantly reduce harvest losses. Next, quantile regression was used to estimate the real effects of machinery and outsourcing services on harvest losses. The analysis yielded four main study outcomes. First, the harvest loss rate of rice in China was 3.65%. Second, mechanical reaping and winnowing caused greater losses than manual methods, while the opposite was true of field transportation. Third, combine harvesting increased the losses. Fourth, the effects of an outsourcing service on losses differed among the different harvesting methods. Outsourcing services increased losses in segmented harvesting but they reduced losses in combine harvesting.     

森林采伐作业的环境影响评述

分析了森林采伐作业对林地生产力、生物多样性、林内小气候等森林生态系统主要评价指标的影响,并就减轻这些不利影响提出了相应的具体技术措施．由于这些不利影响的客观存在,森林采伐作业必须在一定的生态约束条件下进行,把对生态环境的不利影响限制在生态系统的自我恢复能力之内,以发挥其积极作用,促进森林的持续发展     

用人工降雨法进行土壤侵蚀的研究

用人工降雨法对内蒙古哲盟库伦旗黄土低山丘陵区的土壤侵蚀规律进行了研究．并选用线性模型理论,通过微机计算分析,找出了影响该地区土壤侵蚀量的主导因子．     

我国在生态性采伐实践中的论述与作法

为确切了解建国以来生态性采伐的动向的建树,作者从历史角度出发收集了大量的文献资料,进行了高度的综合和归纳,分三章介绍了我国实施生态性采伐的措施和成绩。第一章讲述了生态环境措施,分别介绍了采伐方式、集材方式、更新方式、更新跟上采伐、伐根剥皮、伐后清理等;第二章介绍了生态技术性措施;第三章介绍了生态组织与管理性措施。     

小流域径流调控模型降雨特性模拟研究

基于小流域模型降雨试验研究中存在的不足,在模型模拟试验的基础上,将计算机矢量化软件和色斑法相结合,分析了模型人工降雨雨强率定、雨滴取样、雨滴大小组成分布、降雨能量等降雨特性参数,得出不同喷头组合、不同水头压力条件下模型雨强在0.114~1.33 mm/min之间各场降雨雨滴中数直径为1.122 7~2.139 4 mm,模型降雨总动能为188.74~3 980.03 J/mm。     

4LZ-1.5型大豆联合收获机设计与试验

为实现国内大豆大田生产低损收获同时兼顾大豆育种小区收获,该研究设计了4LZ-1.5型大豆联合收获机,针对大豆成熟期易炸荚的特性,分析了大豆拨禾作业过程,建立了拨禾轮结构和运动参数求解模型,并对拨禾轮半径、拨禾速度比、拨禾轮转速等参数进行优化;针对大豆结荚低、收割易铲土的特性,分析了大豆籽粒尺寸参数统计规律,并对割台除土机构进行优化;针对大豆成熟期易脱粒、易破碎特性,对脱粒分离装置、清选装置和气力卸粮装置进行优化;针对育种小区收获要求,建立了清种装置曲柄摇杆机构数字化设计模型,确定了清种装置结构参数。分别进行大田生产和育种小区收获试验,结果表明,大豆大田生产收获的损失率<3.5%,破碎率<1.5%,含杂率<1%;大豆育种小区收获的损失率<3%,破碎率<1.5%,含杂率<1%,混种率<0.2%,清种时间200～270 s,满足大豆大田生产和育种小区收获作业要求。与现有大豆收获机械相比,4LZ-1.5型大豆联合收获机收获损失率降低1.5%～5%、破碎率降低3.5%～6.5%、含杂率降低2%～7%,研究结果可为后续大豆收获机结构改进和作业参数优化提供参考。