丘陵-平原-湿地复合区降雨径流数值模型

针对丘陵-平原-湿地复合地区降雨径流数值模型较少、而已构建的模型对水文要素空间分布和湿地区水流运动又反映不足,采用格子玻尔兹曼法和有限元法构建丘陵-平原-湿地复合区降雨径流数值模型。在模型构建过程中将复合区分为地势起伏较大的上游丘陵区和下游地势变化较小的平原湿地区。上游丘陵区降雨采用距离平方倒数法计算降雨空间分布、采用格子玻尔兹曼法建立非饱和区土壤水运动模型、利用达西公式建立饱和区水流运动模型、利用格子玻尔兹曼法构建汇流数值模型,进而构建了上游区的降雨径流数值模型。平原湿地区采用基于有限元四边形单元构建了水流运动数值模型。平原湿地区入口边界采用上游区降雨径流数值输出的流量过程,平原湿地区出口边界采用基于格子玻尔兹曼法的汇流模型计算的水位过程。四边形单元有限元求解水流运动方程实现了上、下游区的无缝连接,模型使用比较方便。以挠力河流域为研究对象进行了降雨径流和平坦区水流运动模拟研究,模拟结果良好,说明模型较为可靠。     

农田地表径流总磷流失特性试验

为了阐明农田地表径流引起的磷流失的过程和特征,在上海市青浦区一试验田采用不同的施肥方式,通过模拟降雨试验研究地表径流不同阶段中总磷流失状况.结果表明,在降雨-径流-土壤系统中,随着稳定强降雨的持续,总磷在径流前期阶段迅速流失而后期阶段流失较慢,前者的流失强度约为后者的3倍;虽然径流前期总磷流失强度大,但由于其持续时间远小于后期阶段,故后期反而有更大的总磷流失量,约为前期的1.5倍.经计算总磷流失量与径流量相关性系数接近于1,可见二者相关性显著,总磷流失量受径流量影响较大.不同施肥方式下总磷流失状况不同,顺着径流方向施肥会使土壤中的磷素更易于流失,其径流中总磷的峰值浓度约为垂直径流方向施肥时的2.5倍.研究结果对有效控制农田磷流失及相应的水体面源污染具有重要的参考意义.     

集雨补灌条件下旱塬小麦玉米带田节水灌溉试验研究

对旱塬地区小麦套作玉米带田集雨限量补灌条件下带田产量、水分利用效率、叶日积(LAD)及作物复合群体生长率(CGR)进行了分析研究,认为该区发展小麦玉米带田限量补灌(35mm)的最佳生育时期为小麦抽穗期和玉米抽雄开花期,有条件时灌2水以小麦抽穗期、玉米抽雄开花期和小麦扬花期、玉米吐丝期为宜。这与各处理0～90cm土层水分利用效率的大小表现一致。带田复合群体总LAD、平均CGR灌水与不灌水处理间差别不明显,说明LAD、CGR并非单一水分因素所致,水分条件的改善对此二者的作用仅为其中一个方面,今后的栽培管理中也应重视其它方面如增施有机肥等。     

Simulation Study of the Impact of Permanent Groundcover on Soil and Water Changes in Jujube Orchards on Sloping Ground

Land degradation is recognized as a major environmental problem in rainfed fruit orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Six treatments were used to investigate surface runoff and soil moisture by means of simulated rainfall experiments: (i) a control (clean cultivation) (CC); (ii) strip cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cover (SCF); (iii) strip crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) cover (SCV); (iv) strip bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cover (SBF); (v) strip white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cover (SWC); and (vi) complete white clover cover (WCC). The time to runoff was significantly longer under WCC than under other treatments (p < 0·05). The total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly greater under CC than under the vegetation cover treatments (p < 0·05). The mean infiltration rate under WCC and CC was the largest and lowest and differed significantly from that under other treatments (p < 0·05). The change of soil water storage was the largest under WCC and the least under CC. The soil moisture was significantly greater under SCF than under other treatments (p < 0·05). Treatment SCF seemed to be the best groundcover for rainfed sloping jujube orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal management of uneven-aged Norway spruce stands

An optimization model is specified to analyze forest management without any restrictions on the forest management system. The data on forest growth comes from unique field experiments and is used to estimate a nonlinear transition matrix or size-structured model for Norway spruce. The objective function includes detailed harvesting cost specifications and the optimization problem is solved in its most general dynamic form. In optimal uneven-aged management, stand density is shown to be dominated by limitations in natural regeneration. If the goal is volume maximization, even-aged management with artificial regeneration (and thinnings from above) is superior to uneven-aged management. After including regeneration and harvesting costs, the interest rate, and the price differential between saw timber and pulpwood, uneven-aged management becomes superior to even-aged management. However, in the short term the superiority is conditional on the initial stand state.     

Short-term responses of soil decomposer and plant communities to stump harvesting in boreal forests

Recently, in addition to logging residues, stumps have become an important component in energy production since there is growing global interest in the use of renewable energy sources in order to decrease anthropogenic carbon emissions. Harvesting of stumps influences the forest floor by changing vegetation and soil organic layers and exposing mineral soil across large areas. We studied whether stump harvesting after clear felling poses further short-term changes in boreal forest soil decomposer community (microbes and mesofauna) and vegetation when compared to the traditional site preparation practice (mounding). In general, stump harvesting caused decline in enchytraeid abundance but did not induce further major changes in decomposer community otherwise nor in vegetation of each soil micro-habitat (intact soil and exposed mineral soil). However, the abundances of almost all decomposer animals were lower in the exposed mineral soil than in the intact soil. Stump removal increased the area of exposed mineral soil in the clear felled areas, leading to lower amount of high quality habitat for most decomposer organisms. Hence, it is obvious that there are (or will be) differences in the decomposer community dynamics between the treatments at the forest stand level. Both species richness and coverage of plants benefitted from large-scale exposure of mineral soil. Because the stump removal procedure disturbs soil organic layers and negatively affects the decomposer community, it has the potential to alter nutrient dynamics in forests.     

旱作红豆草人工草地建植管理利用技术的研究

在天山北坡山地草原和山地荒漠草原过渡地带,进行旱作红豆草人工草地的研究和大田生产结果表明:在建植中对地形选择、抓苗、保苗的管理和刈割技术等措施的配套实施,是保证稳产高产的关键。     

滇中高原区主要森林类型枯枝落叶层对降雨的截留功能

枯枝落叶层是森林植被对降雨再分配的第２作用层，也是对土壤发育具有重要影响的层次。在实测本区主要森林类型枯枝落叶量及其持水能力的基础上，采用１００ｍ２最大截留能力、１００ｇ枯枝落叶最大持水能力及最大持水率等指标对不同森林类型枯枝落叶量、组成及其发育情况进行了综合评价。     

江西省实施林木采伐分区施策分类管理的思考

实施森林分类经营、分类管理的改革,对缓解当前人口、资源、环境的矛盾有着十分重要的现实意义。森林分类是基础,经营是手段,提高森林的总量和综合效益是目的。通过调整采伐政策,分区实施,以实现对森林的有效经营管理,达到扩大森林总量、提高森林质量的目的。     

Effects of single-tree and group selection harvesting on the diversity and abundance of spring forest herbs in deciduous forests in southwestern Ontario

Selection harvesting, by mimicking natural disturbance regimes of eastern deciduous hardwood forests, has been applied as a sustainable management practice that combines wood production with biodiversity conservation. However, the effects of this technique on understory herbs are unclear, particularly for spring ephemerals which have been suggested as sensitive to disturbance. Here, we experimentally assess the immediate effects of single-tree and group selection harvesting on spring ephemeral richness, diversity and abundance in deciduous forests of southwestern Ontario, Canada. Spring herbs were quantified in 4 m² plots before and one growing season after harvesting and compared to similar uncut, reference stands. The percent of species lost was significantly higher in reference than harvested plots. Mean species richness significantly increased after harvesting, predominately due to an increase in spring–summer species. Increases in the diversity of early spring flowering species were significantly greater in the group selection plots than reference plots. At the community level, no species appeared to be vulnerable to harvesting, and ordination analysis indicated that post-harvest communities were primarily determined by pre-harvest community composition. Furthermore, no species declined in abundance in response to harvesting, and overall percent cover increased proportionately more in single-tree selection plots than in group selection or reference plots. While harvesting appears to have negligible effects on spring ephemerals immediately following harvest, we recommend additional studies over longer time frames to assess possible successional effects and to discriminate treatment induced changes from naturally high yearly variation in species composition.