森林土壤碳库研究方法进展

森林土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡,土壤有机碳库研究方法对准确估算土壤碳蓄积,反映土壤肥力,对生物多样性的保护有着重要作用。概述了森林土壤碳储量及其分布,介绍了森林土壤有机碳库的各种估算与测定方法,并就各种方法的特点及优缺点做了进一步的分析,表明各种方法都受条件限制,还有待完善,但用的最多的还是土壤类型法与生命带法,GIS方法近几年才得到应用,模型方法应用较早但还不成熟。针对各种方法估算存在的误差,从提高精度的角度出发,又对估算方法误差做了统计分析。阐述了森林土壤碳释放的测定方法,并对碳释放的一些研究成果做了总结,在此基础上,就目前土壤碳库研究方法上尚存在的一些问题作了概括与分析。参71     

论农业生态学及其发展趋势

农业生态学是研究农业生物与农业环境之间相互关系及其作用机理和变化规律的农业应用学科。它在促进农业可持续发展等方面起着基础作用、综合作用、带动作用、关键作用和渗透作用。农业生态学的发展经历了萌芽期、产生期、发展期 ,目前已迈入完善期。新世纪农业生态学应朝着以下方面发展 :(1 )研究方法上 ,加强实验研究 ;(2 )实践应用上 ,强调实用性和可操作性 ;(3 )理论研究上 ,深化农业应用基础研究 ;(4 )技术体系上 ,突出系统性、完整性和创新性 ;(5 )硬件建设上 ,加大投入力度 ;(6)软件环境上 ,加强农业生态教育、增强生态意识、提高生态素质 ;(7)人才培养上 ,大力培养具有创新意识和实践能力的复合人才。     

蝴蝶滞育研究进展

介绍了近年来蝴蝶滞育虫态、光敏感时期、光周期和温度等环境因素对滞育的影响、滞育期间的形态结构和生理生化变化、滞育的神经内分泌调控和分子生物学等方面的研究概况。指出,目前蝴蝶滞育研究主要集中在外界环境对滞育的影响上,在生理生化和内分泌机制等方面的研究相对薄弱,而在分子生物学方面的研究报道极少。滞育的生理生化机制、神经内分泌调控、分子机制和滞育应用研究,将成为今后蝴蝶滞育研究的热点;一些观赏价值较高的蝴蝶将成为今后研究的重点。充足稳定的实验蝴蝶难以获得,是目前研究蝴蝶滞育的一个难点。蝴蝶养殖业的发展将有利于推动蝴蝶滞育研究。参63     

清原县农业机械化发展现状与对策

原县地处辽东山地丘陵区,发展农业机械化具有特殊性。综述清原县农业机械化发展现状,分析其存在的5个主要问题,包括农机装备水平不高、作业水平低、投入和扶持力度还有待继续加大、社会化服务功能不全和推广体系和队伍建设落后,并提出相应的解决对策。     

我国农业机械化发展现状及展望

为提高我国的农业机械发展水平,简要介绍国外农业机械化发展历程,分析我国农机行业发展现状和现存优势,总结我国农业机械化发展中存在的主要问题及不足,展望国内农机业发展趋势。     

Frequency of equine laminitis: a systematic review with quality appraisal of published evidence

Equine laminitis is a highly debilitating disease of the foot. Despite its perceived importance, epidemiological characteristics are poorly understood and the true frequency of the disease remains unclear. The objective of this study was to retrospectively assess previous research to identify publications which provide the best evidence of the frequency of naturally-occurring equine laminitis. A systematic review of English language publications was conducted using MEDLINE (1950–2010), CAB Direct (1910–2010) and IVIS (1997–2010). Additional publications were included by searching bibliographies. Search terms included laminitis, equine, frequency, prevalence and incidence. Studies that allowed frequency estimations to be made for naturally-occurring equine laminitis were included. Information was extracted using predefined data fields, including 13 study quality indicators.Sixty-nine publications were appraised. Ten were considered to provide the most reliable information, estimating the frequency of equine laminitis ranging from 1.5% to 34%. Previous publications estimating laminitis frequency were generally poor quality. Laminitis frequency varied across publications however the publications included in this review focussed on many of the different underlying laminitis aetiologies and comparison of the frequencies between groups would be inappropriate. High-quality evidence-based studies are needed to estimate the true disease frequency in different equine populations.     

桃果实冷害机理及其防治措施研究进展

综述了桃果实在低温贮藏条件下冷害的症状与发生机理,从温度、气调、化学物质处理方面总结了冷害的防治措施,并提出以后研究的方向,为下一步研究提供参考。     

Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.     

日本近50年来土壤侵蚀及水土保持研究评述

系统地评价了日本土壤侵蚀及水土保持研究工作，介绍了日本土壤侵蚀及水土保持研究的发展历史和现状，以及主要开展这方面研究的大学、研究机构和主要的研究代表者及其成果。对日本土壤侵蚀及水土保持研究的特点以及所取得的主要成果进行了客观地评价。     

Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.