Integrating social network development into marine protected area management capacity building and institutionalization in the Philippines and Indonesia

1. comprehensive needs assessment;
2. strong collaborative partnerships for programme delivery;
3. clear learning objectives and intended long‐term results; and
4. strong and sustained political will at the local, national, and regional scales.
5. Each MPA site, region, and capacity‐building programme is unique in structure and content, yet what all programmes have in common is that they build on the principles of trust and community building to create a locally relevant format and framework for the network to flourish.

     

Nutrient cycling and growth in forest ecosystems of south western Australia: Relevance to agricultural landscapes

Nutrient and hydrologic cycles in harvested native forests in southern Australia are largely balanced. For example, we have little or no evidence of any decline in nutrient capital or availability in harvested forests. Short-term and small-scale reductions in evapotranspiration due to loss of leaf area after harvesting are adequately balanced at the landscape scale by large areas of regenerating or older-age forest. In contrast, agricultural systems on similar soils are a) dependent on large inputs of fertilisers to maintain growth and b) frequently subject to increasing salinity and waterlogging or other forms of degradation. The large-scale replacement of long-lived communities of perennial and often deep- rooting native species with annual crops or other communities of shallow-rooting species might be better managed within the framework of knowledge developed from studies of native plant communities. However, application of such a mimic concept to systems of low natural productivity is limited when agricultural systems require continued high productivity. Nonetheless, the mimic concept may help in developing sustainable management of agriculture on marginal lands, and contribute to the nutritional resilience of agroecosystems. Relevant characteristics for mimic agroecosystems in south western Australia include: high species diversity, diversity of rooting attributes, utilisation of different forms of nutrients (especially of N and P) in space and time, and the promotion of practices which increase soil organic matter content. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐碱、干旱胁迫下甜高粱能源性状及抗逆机理研究进展

生物质能源作物的快速发展是缓解当前能源资源短缺和环保压力的一条重要途径。甜高粱茎秆产量和含糖量较高,能够生产燃料乙醇,是当前替代油气资源的重要能源作物,此外,甜高粱具抗旱、耐盐碱的特性,又使其成为干旱、盐碱地区的目标能源植物。为推动我国在盐碱、干旱地区的能源产业发展,通过对国内外干旱、盐碱生境下甜高粱能源性状变化和抗逆性研究进行综述表明:目前关于甜高粱在盐碱、干旱方面的研究尚处于起步阶段,胁迫条件下各品系不同生育期能源性状研究不够全面;甜高粱抗逆机理如渗透调节物质、分子及生理机制研究亟待深入;各地气候、土壤差异引起土壤的盐碱、干旱规律不同,同时土壤盐碱、干旱现象往往交互而生,实地开展甜高粱能源性状转化及分子、生理生态适应性的研究对于我国在盐碱、干旱地区甜高粱的顺利栽培、成熟管理措施的制定以及生物质能源的发展将具有推动作用。     

晋北大型露天矿区生态系统弹性研究

为定量评估矿区生态系统弹性,从系统内在能力的角度揭示矿区在面临扰动时的状态保持与演变过程,本研究利用七期Landsat TM影像解译后的土地利用数据,结合遥感（RS）与地理信息系统（GIS）技术计算的植被覆盖度,运用生态弹性度计算模型,从土地利用显性形态变化的角度分析了1990-2018年整个平朔矿区以及三大矿山生态弹性度的动态变化。结果表明：1990-2018年整个平朔矿区的弹性值介于5~10之间,最大值为9.83,最小值为5.53;1996-2000年弹性值下降明显,2000-2014年弹性值不断上升但速度逐渐变缓,2014-2018年转为下降,但弹性值依然处于9~10之间,生态环境有所改善。矿山区域的生态弹性度差异明显,安太堡矿的弹性值一直处于较低水平,最大值仅为4.05;安家岭矿的弹性值呈现先上升后下降的趋势,弹性值峰值为5.26,最小值为3.57;东露天矿的弹性值呈下降趋势,但一直维持在5~6之间。矿山开采导致矿山区域的生态弹性度处于较低水平,2009年后矿山生态弹性度持续下降,平朔矿区的生态弹性度整体受到负向驱动,生态弹性动态度不断减小。研究表明,矿区生态弹性度的变化受土地利用类型与植被覆盖度影响较大,矿山生态弹性度的变化会通过尺度效应传递到整个矿区。     

土地整治对粮食生产韧性的影响研究——基于高标准农田建设政策的准自然实验

加快高标准农田建设和提升粮食生产韧性是复杂形势下落实“藏粮于地”战略、保障国家粮食安全的重要议题。利用 2005—2017年省级面板数据,使用熵权法测算粮食生产韧性,并运用连续DID分析高标准农田建设政策对粮食生产韧性的影响效应。结果发现,高标准农田建设政策显著提升了粮食生产韧性。通过多重稳健性检验这一结论依然成立,且这一政策效应具有稳定性和长期性。异质性分析表明,相对于非粮食主产区和东部地区,高标准农田建设政策实施对粮食主产区和中西部地区的影响更大。进一步的机制分析发现,高标准农田建设政策通过降低农业化学品投入强度、提升粮食种植比例、提高农地流转率以及提高农业社会化服务水平从而促进粮食生产韧性提升。为进一步提升粮食生产韧性,应加快落实“藏粮于地”战略,提高财政支持力度,适当向中西部地区和粮食主产区省份倾斜,加快推进高标准农田建设,严格落实高标准农田建设规划。     

黄土高原农户生计恢复力及其生计建设路径——以陕北佳县为例

以陕北佳县为例,从自组织能力、缓冲能力和学习能力三个维度构建评价指标体系,利用贡献度模型识别生计恢复力主要贡献因子,并对提升农户生计恢复力的生计建设路径进行探究.结果 表明:1)农户生计恢复力水平整体不高,其中自组织能力最强,缓冲能力次之,学习能力最弱;2)除自组织能力外,各地貌分区间农户生计恢复力以及学习能力、缓冲能...     

目标差异化的双层级村庄分类与布局优化

村庄分类与空间布局优化是精准有序推进乡村振兴和县域村庄规划的基础和关键。立足于新的发展阶段,为稳健推进乡村振兴战略实践,该研究以\     

Frontiers in modelling social–ecological dynamics of recreational fisheries: A review and synthesis

Recreational fisheries are culturally and economically important around the world. Recent research emphasizes that understanding and managing these systems requires a social–ecological perspective. We systematically reviewed quantitative social–ecological models of marine and freshwater recreational fisheries to summarize their conceptualization of social, ecological, and social–ecological dynamics and identify research frontiers. From a candidate set of 626 studies published between 1975 and 2018, 49 met criteria for inclusion in our review. These studies, though diverse in terms of focal species and processes considered, were geographically limited to a few locations and ignored large regions of the globe where recreational fishing is important. There were also important gaps in the social and ecological processes that were included in published models. Reflecting on these patterns in the context of previous conceptual frameworks, we define five key frontiers for future work: 1) exploring the implications of social and behavioural processes like heuristics, social norms, and information sharing for angler decisions and fishery dynamics; 2) modelling governance with more realistic complexity; 3) incorporating ideas from resilience thinking and complex adaptive systems, including slow variables, destabilizing feedbacks, surprises and diversity; 4) considering key ideas in fisheries systems, including spatial and temporal effort dynamics, catch hyperstability, and stocking; and 5) thinking synthetically about the models that we use to describe social–ecological dynamics in recreational fisheries, via explicit comparisons and formal integration with data. Exploration of these frontiers, while remembering the distinction between model complexity and model usefulness, will improve our ability to understand and sustain recreational fisheries.     

An appraisal of soil organic C content in Mediterranean agricultural soils

Low soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in dry areas can affect soil functions and may thus indicate soil degradation. This study assesses the significance of SOC content in Mediterranean arable soils based on the analysis of a broad data set of 2613 soils sampled from Mediterranean grasslands and agricultural land. The distribution in values of SOC, pH, clay and carbonates was analysed according to different climatic areas (semi‐arid, Mediterranean temperate, Mediterranean continental and Atlantic) and with respect to six different land uses (grassland, cereal crops, olives and nuts, vineyards, fruit trees and vegetable gardens). The general trend was for low SOC in arable land and decreased with aridity. In wet areas (Atlantic and Mediterranean continental), acidic soils had a higher SOC content than did calcareous soils, whereas in the Mediterranean temperate area SOC had little relationship to soil pH. In low SOC arable soils, the SOC content was related to clay content. In calcareous arable soils of the Mediterranean temperate zone, SOC content was more closely related to carbonates than to clay. In contrast to the Atlantic area, Mediterranean grassland soils had much lower amounts of SOC than forest soils. Mediterranean calcareous and temperate acidic soils under grassland had SOC‐to‐clay ratios similar to or only slightly greater than that under a crop regime. In contrast, Mediterranean continental acidic soils under grassland had a much higher SOC‐to‐clay ratio than arable soils. This suggests a low resilience of the Mediterranean temperate and calcareous arable soils in terms of SOC recovery after the secession of ploughing, which may be a result of intensive use of these soils over many centuries. Consequently, we hypothesize that the Mediterranean calcareous soils have undergone significant changes that are not readily reversed after ploughing ceases. Such changes may be related to alterations in soil aggregation and porosity which, in turn, are associated with soil carbonate dynamics. Decarbonation processes (the depletion of active carbonates) may therefore be relevant to the reclamation of highly calcareous arable soils through fostering soil re‐aggregation. The article concludes by discussing the suitability of zero tillage, manuring or the introduction of woody species to increase SOC in calcareous arable soils that are highly depleted of organic matter.     

Projected impacts of climate change on stream salmonids with implications for resilience‐based management

The sustainability of freshwater fisheries is increasingly affected by climate warming, habitat alteration, invasive species and other drivers of global change. The State of Michigan, USA, contains ecologically, socioeconomically valuable coldwater stream salmonid fisheries that are highly susceptible to these ecological alterations. Thus, there is a need for future management approaches that promote resilient stream ecosystems that absorb change amidst disturbances. Fisheries professionals in Michigan are responding to this need by designing a comprehensive management plan for stream brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations. To assist in developing such a plan, we used stream‐specific regression models to forecast thermal habitat suitability in streams throughout Michigan from 2006 to 2056 under different predicted climate change scenarios. As baseflow index (i.e., relative groundwater input) increased, stream thermal sensitivity (i.e., relative susceptibility to temperature change) decreased. Thus, the magnitude of temperature warming and frequency of thermal habitat degradation were lowest in streams with the highest baseflow indices. Thermal habitats were most suitable in rainbow trout streams as this species has a wider temperature range for growth (12.0–22.5 °C) compared to brook charr (11.0–20.5 °C) and brown trout (12.0–20.0 °C). Our study promotes resilience‐based salmonid management by providing a methodology for stream temperature and thermal habitat suitability prediction. Fisheries professionals can use this approach to protect coldwater habitats and drivers of stream cooling and ultimately conserve resilient salmonid populations amidst global change.