Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Pet Hedgehogs – United States, 2011–2013

Zoonotic Salmonella infections cause approximately 130 000 illnesses annually in the United States. Of 72.9 million US households owning at least one pet, five million own small mammals; 3000 hedgehogs were documented by USDA in USDA‐licensed breeding facilities and pet stores in 2012. State health department collaborators and PulseNet, the national bacterial subtyping network, identified human infections of a Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak strain, which were investigated by CDC, USDA‐APHIS and state public and animal health officials. A case was defined as an illness in a person infected with the outbreak strain identified between 1 December 2011 and 3 June 2013. Investigators collected information on patient exposures, cultured animal and environmental specimens for Salmonella, and conducted traceback investigations of USDA‐licensed hedgehog facilities. There were 26 cases in 12 states. Illness onset dates ranged from 26 December 2011 to 8 April 2013. The median patient age was 15 years (range = <1–91 years); 58% were female. Among 23 persons with available information, 8 (35%) were hospitalized and one outbreak strain‐associated death was reported. Of 25 patients with available information, 20 (80%) reported pet hedgehog contact in the week before illness onset. The outbreak strain was isolated from animal and environmental samples collected from three ill persons’ homes in three states. Hedgehogs were purchased in geographically distant states from USDA‐licensed breeders (10/17, 59%); a USDA‐licensed pet store (1/17, 6%); unlicensed or unknown status breeders (3/17, 18%); and private individuals (3/17, 18%). Traceback investigations of USDA‐licensed facilities did not reveal a single source of infection. Public and animal health collaboration linked pet hedgehog contact to human infections of Salmonella Typhimurium, highlighting the importance of a One Health investigative approach to zoonotic salmonellosis outbreaks. More efforts are needed to increase awareness among multiple stakeholders on the risk of illness associated with pet hedgehogs.     

达氟沙星对试验性感染仔猪副伤寒和霉形体肺炎的药效学研究

研究了国产新兽药达氟沙星对人工感染仔猪伤寒和霉形体肺炎的疗效。每个疗效试验用仔猪105只，随机分为达氟沙星3个不同剂量组，恩诺沙星对照组，强力霉素对照组，阳性对照组和阴性对照组，每组动物15只。当感染猪出现典型症状时，达氟沙星3个剂量组分别按每千克体重2．5ml,1.25mg,0.625mg，0.625mg及恩诺沙星组按2．5mg肌肉注射，每日2次，强力霉素按每千克体重3mg肌肉注射，每日2次。结果表明：达氟沙星3个不同剂量组、恩诺沙星组、强力霉素组连续用药4d，对仔猪副伤寒的治愈率分别是100％、80％、33．3％、80％、53．3％、而感染（阳性）对照组的死亡率为66．7％；达氟沙星3个不同剂量组、恩诺沙星组、强力霉素组连续用药5d,对霉形体肺炎的治愈率分别是100％、80％、93．3％，肺部病变率分别是20％、40％、60％、20％、60％，而感染（阳性）对照组的死亡率为40％，肺部病变率为1005。     

新疆地区鸡伤寒白痢沙门氏菌病的调查

对新疆地区鸡沙门氏菌病进行了病原学、血清学和流行病学调查，结果表明分离的246株细菌与鸡白痢鸡伤少门氏菌诊断血清呈阳性反应；对15株鸡沙门氏菌进行抗原结构分析，表明8株为标准型鸡白痢伤寒沙门氏菌，7株为中间型鸡沙门氏菌，对其中86株菌的生化鉴定表明符合鸡白痢鸡伤寒沙门氏菌的生化特性。该病在我区的发病死亡率为1％－25％，发病严重的鸡场为50％－75％。该病除了单一感染外，还与鸡大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、鸡球虫病混合感染。     

鹦鹉沙门氏菌病的诊断

从重庆市某野生动物园病死鹦鹉的肝脏、脾脏及心血中,分离到了1株细菌,经鉴定为革兰氏阴性,单个、成对或成丛分布。在SS、麦康凯和枸橼酸盐琼脂培养基中均能生长。生化试验结果显示该菌对乳糖、蔗糖不发酵,对葡萄糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇均能发酵,产生H2S,显示该菌为沙门氏菌。药敏试验结果表明分离菌对庆大霉素、苯唑西林、诺氟沙星、卡那霉素、头孢唑啉、头孢哌酮、环丙沙星、妥布霉素等药物高度敏感,对氧氟沙星、新霉素、氟罗沙星中敏,而对痢特灵、阿莫西林、链霉素、克林霉素、万古霉素、氨苄西林、强力霉素等药物产生耐药。     

微生态制剂预防鸡白痢沙门氏菌感染的应用技术研究

本研究利用肠道益生菌竞争排斥原理,结合生产实际建立了临床预防鸡沙门氏菌的四个模型,即"抗生素+微生态制剂"的试验1、2组,单纯抗生素或微生态制剂的试验3、4组,同时设有攻毒对照组和空白对照组。在攻毒条件下,对各组鸡白痢症状的观察、攻毒保护死亡数量统计、称重分析,结果为:3组及攻毒对照组表现典型鸡白痢症状,试验1、2、3、4组攻毒保护率分别96.7%、96%、80%、94%,而攻毒组为76%。试验3组与空白对照组30日龄增重差异极显著,其余各组均表现差异不显著。由此可见:无论雏鸡直接口服微生态制剂或先服用抗生素再使用微生态制剂,这两种方法均可有效地保护雏鸡免遭鸡白痢沙门氏杆菌强毒的攻击,缓解其临床症状,减少雏鸡的死亡,提高育雏成活率。     

Rib osteomyelitis in three foals

Three foals aged between 21 and 44 days were presented for evaluation of pyrexia and lameness. Each had subcutaneous abscessation associated with osteomyelitis of a rib at the costochondral junction and pathological fracture of the affected rib; one foal had more than one rib affected. Other localised sites of infection included other sites of osteomyelitis, omphalophlebitis, uveitis, enterocolitis, and calcaneal bursitis. The subcutaneous abscessation and rib osteomyelitis was treated surgically in two foals. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the subcutaneous abscess in one foal and from the faeces of another. Two of the three foals were euthanased. Ultrasonography was a more useful modality than radiography for establishing the diagnosis of costal osteomyelitis.     

禽沙门氏菌病防控策略及其疫苗研究概述

禽沙门氏菌病可通过水平和经卵垂直传播,常导致很高的发病率和死亡率,对养禽业造成重大经济损失。人类可通过食用污染的禽产品而引发食源性中毒和肠炎等疾病,对人类健康构成威胁。检疫净化和疫苗免疫在禽沙门氏菌病防控过程中起了重要作用,能大幅度降低家禽的感染水平,从而降低人类感染的风险。本文作者就目前禽沙门氏菌病防控措施及其疫苗研究进展进行了简短回顾,希望对禽沙门氏菌病防控技术研究起到促进作用。     

The effects of cisapride on the restoration of gut motility after surgery of the small intestine in horses; A clinical trial

Clinical and pathological data concerning the degree of leg weakness and severity of osteochondral lesions in gilts and barrows have been compared. It became clear that the pathological condition of the distal part of the ulna and the medial femoral condyle of gilts was less severe than that of barrows. The clinical symptoms of leg weakness in gilts also tended to be less severe than those in barrows.     

Estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of the invA-gene-based PCR technique and a bacteriological culture for the detection of Salmonella spp. in caecal content from slaughtered pigs using Bayesian analysis

The goal of this study was to estimate the accuracy of the invA-gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a culture technique based on pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water, three selective enrichment media (selenite, tetrathionate and Rappaport-Vassiliadis broths) and four selective, solid media (Xylose-Lysine-Tergitol-4, Salmonella/Shigella, Hekton-Enteric and MacConkey), for the detection of Salmonella organisms from caecal samples from slaughter pigs. For this purpose a latent-class (Bayesian) approach was used. Two hundred and three slaughtered pigs were used after grouping them into two groups of 96 and 107 animals. Sensitivity (Se) was estimated to be 56% (95% probability interval 40, 76) for culture and 91% (81, 97) for PCR. The specificity (Sp) of the PCR was 88% (80, 95) while the Sp of the culture had been considered 100% in the statistical analysis as all culture-positive samples were confirmed by serotyping. PCR Se was not affected by the Salmonella serotypes present in the samples analysed. Accordingly, a minimum of 25.5% of the pigs was estimated to harbour Salmonella organisms in their faeces. It was concluded that bacteriology on caecal samples alone was a poor diagnostic method, and that the PCR method could be considered a cost-effective alternative to culture in Salmonella monitoring programmes. However, given the moderate Sp of this molecular technique, PCR-positive samples should be further confirmed through bacteriology.