入侵植物黄花草木樨的生殖构件性状及种子萌发特性研究

黄花草木樨是广泛分布于我国的一种外来入侵植物,对被入侵地的生物多样性造成严重威胁。通过样方调查和种子萌发实验,对黄花草木樨的生殖构件特性和种子休眠萌发特性进行研究,并探讨其繁殖能力。结果表明,密度对黄花草木樨各生殖构件性状影响各不相同,单枝种子量、总种子量和百粒重与密度成反比,而分枝数在中密度下达到最大,高密度和低密度的株高和分枝数均比中密度下的小;在生殖构件性状相关性方面,总种子量与单枝种子量(r=0.946)呈极显著正相关,百粒重与单枝种子量(r=0.178)呈显著正相关;在萌发特性方面,冷藏对黄花草木樨种子的萌发有促进作用,萌发率提高了约10%,而冷冻对黄花草木樨种子的萌发有抑制作用,萌发率降低约30%;在常温条件下,黄花草木樨种子休眠特性表现为前7个月波动变化很大,7～20个月之间变化基本平稳,萌发率保持80%左右,之后开始逐渐下降,5年后下降至10%以下。研究表明,黄花草木樨具有较高的种子产量和持久的高萌发率,有利于其种群的扩散和定殖。     

南瓜饲养榕树粉蚧的发育历期与生物学特征初报

榕树粉蚧是一种重要的入侵害虫,对果蔬和园林植物存在巨大的潜在威胁.为满足开展检疫处理、防控、生物学和生理学等研究的需要,本研究以南瓜为饲养材料,在室温条件下(26±1℃,RH 65％±5％)观察榕树粉蚧的生物学特性与发育历期.结果 表明,榕树粉蚧具有典型的雌雄二型现象.雄虫主要经历卵、1～2龄若虫、预蛹、蛹、雄成虫阶段...     

Impact of Boron Deficiency on Changes in Biochemical Attributes,Yield, and Seed Reserves in Chickpea

To determine the effect of boron (B) deficiency on biomass, reproductive yield, metabolism, and alterations in seed reserves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ‘13.G‐256,’ plants were grown in refined sand until maturity at deficient (0.033 mg L^?1) and adequate (0.33 mg L^?1) B, supplied as boric acid (H₃BO₃). Boron‐deficient plants exhibited visible deficiency symptoms in addition to reduced number of pods and seeds, resulting in lowered biomass and economic yield. Boron deficiency lowered the concentration of B in leaves and seeds, photosynthetic pigments (leaves), Hill reaction activity, starch (in leaves and seeds), and proteins and protein N (in seeds), whereas phenols, sugars (in leaves and seeds), and nonprotein N (in seeds) were elevated. Specific activity of peroxidase (POX) increased in leaves and pod wall and decreased in seeds, while activity of acid phosphate and ribonuclease were stimulated in leaves, seeds, and pod wall in B‐deficient chickpea.     

Effects of dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin on the fecundity and lipid content of pond-reared Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) broodstock

Five diets that contained fresh squid meat as the basic constituent and were supplemented with different amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and astaxanthin were fed to pond‐reared Penaeus monodon broodstock. Diet A was sole squid meat. Diets B and C were supplemented with astaxanthin 50 and 100 mg kg^?1 respectively. Diets D and E were supplemented with HUFA 5 and 10 g kg^?1 and astaxanthin 50 mg kg^?1 respectively. The result showed that the group fed diet E had the best reproductive performance in all experimental groups. It had a higher proportion of spawns (71.5%), spawning rate (0.047), a shorter latency period (7.7±0.3 d), higher absolute fecundity (× 10³) (361.6±5.5) and egg production/female (× 10³) (597.0±18.0) than all the other experimental groups. The fatty acid composition in broodstock diets strongly affected the tissue and fecundity of broodstock. Good correlations between the content of 20:4n‐6 in eggs and the fecundity (r²=0.6109) and egg production (r²=0.9876) of broodstock were found. On the other hand, 22:6n‐3 and DHA/EPA ratio was negatively correlated with the fecundity of broodstock (r²=0.5362, 0.8702 respectively). The result also showed that the balance between n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid families, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acid and 20:5n‐3 (EPA) and 22:6n‐3 (DHA) may play vital roles in maturation and reproductive performance of P. monodon broodstock.     

Reproductive season and female maturity size of coconut crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Birgus latro</Emphasis> on Hatoma Island,southern Japan

Information about reproductive season, size at sexual maturity and size-dependent reproductive potentials is important for efficient resource management. Such information is necessary to determine seasonal closures and minimum legal size limits. To conserve resources of coconut crab Birgus latro, which are in danger of extinction due to excessive exploitation, their reproductive season, female size at functional maturity and relationship between female size and reproductive potentials were investigated. The reproductive season started in early June and ended late August, and females with higher reproductive potentials showed a tendency to spawn early in the reproductive season. The prohibition of exploiting the resources during the reproductive season, especially early in the season, would be appropriate for sustainability of high reproductive outputs. Fifty percent of investigated females matured functionally at 24.5-mm thoracic length (TL). However, the size at which all females reached functional maturity was 32.3 mm TL, and there was a wide variation in the size of functional maturity among individuals. We must determine minimum legal size by taking the variation into account to allow all individuals to mate at least once before they are caught, which may prevent serious depression in reproductive rate and genetic diversity.     

高效氯氰菊酯对小鼠卵巢生殖功能的影响及维生素E的干预作用

为探究高效氯氰菊酯 (beta-cypermethrin, β-CP) 对雌性小鼠卵巢生殖功能的影响及维生素E (vitamin E, VE) 的干预作用,将雌性昆白小鼠随机分为6 组:空白对照组 (花生油处理)、β-CP不同剂量 (10、20、40 mg/kg) 处理组、VE保护组 (20 mg/kg β-CP+20 mg/kg VE) 和VE组 (20 mg/kg VE),连续灌胃10 d。灌胃结束后取小鼠卵巢组织,观察组织结构的病理变化,采用免疫组化法、蛋白免疫印迹试验及RT-PCR方法检测卵巢中StAR蛋白含量及casp-3、casp-8、INHα和INHβB 基因mRNA表达的变化。结果显示:与对照相比,10、20和40 mg/kg的β-CP处理均使小鼠卵巢组织结构发生了损伤,使组织中StAR蛋白的浓度分别降低了18.8%、36.3%和40.3%,casp-3基因的表达分别升高了16.0%、26.7%和52.9%,INHα基因的表达分别升高了34.5%、83.6%和228.7%,INHβB基因的表达分别升高了7.5%、39.2%和52.7%;20和40 mg/kg的β-CP处理使得casp-8基因的表达分别升高了27.1%和36.7%。上述处理组与对照组的差异均达显著水平 (P＜0.05)。与 20 mg/kg β-CP处理组相比,VE 保护组的StAR蛋白含量也显著增多 (P＜0.05)。研究表明,β-CP对小鼠卵巢具有毒性作用,这与β-CP抑制StAR蛋白的合成,上调casp-3、casp-8、INHα及INHβB基因的表达有关;添加VE对小鼠卵巢有一定的保护作用,这与VE可减弱β-CP对StAR蛋白合成的抑制作用有关。     

饲粮锌、硒和维生素E水平对后备母猪生长发育及生殖激素的影响

选择日龄、体况较一致的二元杂(长白×约克)后备母猪27头,采用L9(34)正交表安排试验,共9个试验组,每组3个重复。饲粮锌、硒和维生素E均设置3个水平,分别为:锌(45.0mg/kg,85.0mg/kg,125mg/kg);硒(0.10mg/kg,0.25mg/kg,0.40mg/kg);维生素E(15IU/kg,30IU/kg,45IU/kg),目的是研究饲粮微量元素锌、硒和维生素E对后备母猪生长发育和血清生殖激素参数的影响规律。结果表明在喂给含锌量85mg/kg,含硒量0.25mg/kg,含维生素E量45IU/kg饲粮时:(1)后备母猪的初次发情时间最早,分别为(187.4±6.6)d,(185.9±8.4)d,(189.1±7.3)d(P<0.05);(2)血清雌激素及孕激素浓度在不同日龄情况下均显示最高水平(P<0.05或P<0.10)。综合所考察的参数,后备母猪饲粮中含锌85mg/kg,含硒0.25mg/kg,含维生素E45IU/kg是适当的组合用量。     

姜黄素吸收代谢及其对家禽繁殖调控作用研究进展

姜黄素是从姜科植物（如姜黄）、天南星科植物根茎中提取出来的多酚类化合物,主要在动物肠道中进行吸收代谢,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡、抗衰老、神经保护、免疫调节及代谢调控等作用。姜黄素在动物体内生物利用度差,为提高姜黄素的利用度,通常将其制成多种制剂及配型（如膜制剂、纤维制剂、乳制剂、水凝胶制剂、胡椒碱、半萜类化合物、环糊精、葫芦巴膳食纤维和卵磷脂）。不同的制剂及配型可增加姜黄素产物稳定性,保障姜黄素的有效利用。家禽主要通过下丘脑 - 性腺轴负反馈调节机制来调控生殖细胞发育,实现繁殖调控。此外,家禽的繁殖性能易受外部因素影响,其中光照的影响最大。光照刺激产生的褪黑素具有强抗氧化性,能通过缓解卵巢和睾丸组织的线粒体功能障碍来抑制凋亡和衰老,保障下丘脑 - 性腺轴负反馈调节机制的稳定和氧化应激状态下的卵泡发育。肠道微生物产生的血清素是褪黑素的前体物质,可以影响褪黑素的生成;其次肠道微生物刺激肠上皮细胞中的传入神经直接影响下丘脑分泌促性腺激素释放激素;最后,肠道内产生的雌二醇（E2）可以通过血液进入卵巢组织,并促进卵巢发育。研究发现,姜黄素可通过肠道微生物产生的短链脂肪酸在体内发挥功能作用,但姜黄素是否通过肠道微生物产生的短链脂肪酸来影响家禽的繁殖性能亟待探究。该文综述了姜黄素的生物活性、代谢方式、产品研发利用以及对家禽繁殖调控的作用机制及相关研究进展,旨在为姜黄素作为饲料添加剂在家禽生产中的合理应用提供理论参考。