Thyroid scintigraphy in hyperthyroidism

Thyroid scintigraphy is a nuclear medicine procedure that produces a visual display of functional thyroid tissue based on the selective uptake of various radionuclides by thyroid tissue. Thyroid scintigraphy provides valuable information regarding both thyroid anatomy and physiology and can play an integral role in the diagnosis and management of cats with hyperthyroidism. Thyroid scintigraphy allows the direct visualization of the functional adenomatous thyroid tissue responsible for the development of hyperthyroidism. For this reason, thyroid scintigraphy will allow the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism before laboratory tests are consistently abnormal. Thyroid scintigraphy can also exclude a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats with thyroid hormone elevations of nonthyroidal origin. Thyroid scintigraphy provides an additional method for determining the relative severity of thyroid disease that is less affected by the presence of concurrent nonthyroidal illness than laboratory evaluations. When treating hyperthyroid cats with radioiodine, the lowest effective dose should be administered. In an effort to administer the lowest radioiodine dose possible, the volume of adenomatous thyroid tissue present in the individual hyperthyroid cat should be considered. Thyroid scintigraphy provides an excellent method for evaluating the size of hyperfunctional thyroid tissue that is not limited by the presence of ectopic or intrathoracic thyroid tissue. Thyroid scintigraphy also provides valuable information in the diagnosis and evaluation of hyperthyroid cats with thyroid carcinoma.     

益肾降浊胶囊对腺嘌呤致大鼠慢性肾功能衰竭的影响研究

目的探讨益肾降浊胶囊对腺嘌呤诱导的慢性肾衰大鼠的肾脏保护作用。方法采用灌胃给与腺嘌呤法建立大鼠慢性肾衰(CRF)模型,造模后每日1次连续灌胃给予益肾降浊胶囊。4周后,测定各组大鼠24h尿量、24h尿蛋白含量,称取大鼠体质量、肾重并计算肾指数,测定大鼠血清中肌酐(Scr)及尿素氮(BUN)含量,并在光镜下观察肾脏组织变化情况。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠生长构建期间生长状态明显变差,体重增长缓慢。与CRF模型组大鼠相比,益肾降浊胶囊给药组的大鼠体重增加明显,大鼠血清中Scr、BUN及尿液中24h尿蛋白水平显著降低。病理分析结果显示,肾脏组织结构的紊乱、肾小球固缩,炎性细胞浸润、肾间质纤维化症状明显改善。结论益肾降浊胶囊能够有效的治疗腺嘌呤所致的大鼠慢性肾功能衰竭。     

Control of phosphorus homeostasis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water

Studies were conducted to determine the absorption, excretion and requirement of dietary phosphorus (P) by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Triplicate groups of salmon parr, initial weight 15 ± 0.5±g , were fed, diets containing 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 13 mg P and 20 KJ of digestible energy (DE) per±g of diet (dry matter basis, DMB) to satiation for 16 weeks. The basal diet containing 4 mg P g^-1 (0.15 mg available P per KJ DE) was supplemented with graded levels of calcium phosphate, Ca(H₂PO₄)²H₂O to formulate the eight experimental diets. The fish were reared in fresh water at a temperature of 15 °C on a 12 h photoperiod. Vertebrae ash increased from 316 to 516 mg g^-1 fat-free dry matter with an increase in dietary P content. P requirement was estimated by using a four-parameter sigmoidal equation. The data suggests that a diet of 0.28 mg available P per KJ DE is needed for Atlantic salmon. Phosphate and calcium levels in plasma and bone increased, whereas levels of magnesium and liver cholecalciferol decreased, with an increase in dietary P.Phosphate excretion in urine and apparent availability of P were determined in deficient and replete fish. In deficient fish, the urine phosphate concentration was 0.10 mmol L^-1 before feeding and 0.25 mmol l^-1 after feeding, whereas in replete fish these concentrations were 1.09 and 5.11 mmol l^-1, respectively. The increase in urine phosphate concentration was higher in replete fish than in deficient fish, however, the apparent absorption of P was found to be significantly lower in replete fish than in deficient fish. These results suggest that similarly to terrestrial vertebrates, P homeostasis in Atlantic salmon is controlled by absorption in the intestine, conservation in the kidney and storage in the bones.     

Biochemistry and physiology of a family of eel natriuretic peptides

Three natriuretic peptides with similar structures were isolated from eels and their amino acid sequences determined; atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from atria, ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP) from ventricles, and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) from brains. All three hormones were circulating in eel blood, and their plasma levels invariably decreased when eels were transferred from fresh water (FW) to seawater (SW). Eel ANP and VNP inhibited drinking in FW and SW eels. Eel ANP inhibited water and Na⁺ absorption by the intestine of SW eels. The potency of these ANP effects was 2–3 orders greater than those of other hormones which are known to have similar effects. Eel ANP and VNP induced antidiuresis but not antinatriuresis in FW eels. Eel ANP increased plasma cortisol level in SW eels but not in FW eels. The antidiuretic effect and the stimulation of cortisol secretion in eels are opposite to the ANP effects reported in mammals. These data suggest that ANP plays a complex role in the eel osmoregulation.

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Résumé Trois peptides natriurétiques présentant des structures similaires ont été isolés chez l'anguille et leurs séquences en acides aminés a été déterminées; le peptide atrial natriurétique (ANP) dans l'atria, le peptide ventriculaire natriurétique (VNP) dans les ventricules et le peptide natriurétique de type C dans le cerveau. Ces trois hormones sont présents dans le sang d'anguille et leur niveau plasmatique decroit invariablement quand les anguilles sont transférées d'eau douce en eau de mer. L'ANP et le VNP d'anguille inhibent l'action de boire chez les anguilles d'eau douce et d'eau de mer. L'ANP d'anguille inhibe l'absorption d'eau et de Na⁺ par l'intestin d'anguille en eau de mer. Ces effets de l'ANP sont 2 à 3 fois plus grands que ceux observés avec d'autres hormones qui sont connues pour avoir des effets similaires. L'ANP et le VNP d'anguille induisent l'antidiurèse mais pas l'antinatriurèse chez les anguilles d'eau douce. L'ANP d'anguille augmente chez ce poisson les niveaux de cortisol plasmatique en eau de mer mais pas en eau douce. L'effet antidiurétique et la stimulation de la sécrétion de cortisol chez l'anguille sont contraire aux effets de l'ANP observés chez les mammifères. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'ANP joue un role complexe dans l'osmorégulation de l'anguille.

     

绿茶抗大鼠肾间质纤维化作用的实验研究

采用"单肾切除加腺嘌呤灌胃法"建立大鼠慢性肾衰竭模型。治疗组予绿茶液灌胃治疗,对照组予尿毒清溶液灌胃治疗,连续治疗28天。取大鼠肾脏石蜡切片分别进行HE染色、PASM染色、Masson染色、Sirius Red染色、Mallory染色,光镜下观察大鼠肾组织5种染色的病理形态学改变,PASM染色、Masson染色、Sirius Red染色随机选择进行肾脏组织病理学图像分析。绿茶组在肾间质纤维化面积、肾小球系膜积分光密度值、肾间质中I、Ⅲ型胶原分布面积等方面的作用与模型组对比,P<0.05。说明绿茶能够减轻腺嘌呤对大鼠肾间质的病理损害,绿茶有抗肾间质纤维化的作用,并且能抑制I、Ⅲ型胶原纤维的增生,这可能是绿茶防治肾间质纤维化、延缓慢性肾衰竭发展进程的机制之一。     

黄秋葵醇提物对顺铂致急性肾损伤的保护作用

为了探讨黄秋葵嫩果醇提物对顺铂致小鼠急性肾损伤是否具有保护作用,将50只SPF级ICR雄性小鼠随机均分为空白对照组(0.9%生理盐水)、模型组(0.9%生理盐水)、黄秋葵醇提物(HQK)高中低剂量组(400、200、100 mg/kg),分别灌胃给药7 d,除空白对照组,于第7天给药1 h后灌胃给顺铂20 mg/kg。再灌胃给药3 d后,眼球取血,测定血清中尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CRE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量;测定肾脏匀浆中SOD、GSH和MDA含量;并观察苏木精-伊红(HE)病理切片组织病理学变化。结果表明:与模型组比较,HQK高、中剂量组中BUN、CRE含量均降低,肾组织GSH、SOD含量均升高(P0.01,P0.05),HE染色观察HQK高剂量组可显著保护顺铂致肾组织病理损害。黄秋葵醇提取物对CDDP诱导的小鼠急性肾损伤均有一定的保护作用。     

两种不同药性中药注射液对内毒素性肾衰的防治作用

摘要：以家兔为试验动物,研究复方金银花注射液和茵陈五苓注射液对内毒素所致急性肾功能衰竭的防治作用。将32只雄性健康成年家兔随机分为阴性对照组、模型组、复方金银花防治组和茵陈五苓防治组,每组各8只。模型组和各防治组家兔一次性静脉注射大肠杆菌O111B4内毒素生理盐水溶液,剂量为100μg/kg。两防治组家兔注射等剂量内毒素24h后静脉注射剂量为100μg/kg的中药注射液,阴性对照组静脉注射等量生理盐水。注射内毒素（或生理盐水）1h后开始通过膀胱瘘管收集尿液,每1h收集一次,共收集6h。末次收集尿液后心脏采血。结果表明,模型组家兔发生急性肾功能衰竭,其各项肾功能指标均与阴性对照组有显著或极显著差异（P<0.05,P<0.01）。与模型组比较,复方金银花组家兔的尿量以及肌酐、尿素氮和尿钠排出量显著或极显著增加（P<0.05,P<0.01）,肾衰指数和钠排泄分数显著降低（P<0.05）,内生性肌酐清除率、尿渗透压和尿血渗比及渗透物质清除率显著或极显著升高（P<0.05,P<0.01）,游离水清除率极显著降低（P<0.01）。结果表明,复方金银花注射液对内毒素性肾衰具有防治作用。茵陈五苓组家兔的尿量、肌酐和尿素氮随尿排出量、渗透物质清除率和内生性肌酐清除率在试验后期也较模型组显著改善。     

铅和（或）镉对体外培养肾细胞的毒性损伤

在培养液中加入不同浓度的Cd（10、20、40μmol／L）、Pb（10、20、40μmol／L）和Pb-Cd联合（分别为5、10、20μmol／L）,来探讨铅镉对肾细胞的作用及可能机制。在显微镜下观察细胞形态、测定细胞凋亡率和细胞周期及上清液脂质过氧化指标。结果表明：20μmol／L以上染毒组细胞皱缩、体积变小,表面有细胞碎片,甚至呈泡沫状或树枝状;铅、镉单独和联合染毒组GSH—Px、SOD活性随染毒剂量的增加,呈逐渐下降趋势（P〈0．05）．而MDA含量和凋亡率则呈升高趋势（P〈0．05）,并存在剂量和时间效应。镉和铅也能使细胞周期停滞。Pb、Cd联合可加剧细胞损伤。