不同血统含量奶牛泌乳性能与体重的相关性研究

为了研究不同荷斯坦牛血统含量对头胎泌乳性能和早期体重的影响,并分析二者之间的相关性,本试验选取荷斯坦牛血统含量不同的荷黄级进杂交奶牛和纯种荷斯坦牛共85头,分为三组,分别测定其头胎泌乳性能及初生、2、4、6、9月龄体重,在此基础上探讨不同月龄体重与头胎泌乳性能的关系。结果表明：早期体重和泌乳性能随着荷斯坦牛血统含量的提高均有上升趋势,且三组奶牛的6月龄体重与头胎泌乳性能呈极显著相关(P＜0.01);初生重、9月龄体重与部分泌乳性能指标极显著(P＜0.01)或显著(P＜0.05)相关。表明随着荷斯坦牛血统含量的提高,杂种牛与纯种荷斯坦牛泌乳性能和早期体重的差距逐渐缩小;不同血统含量奶牛的初生重、6月龄体重与泌乳性能呈显著正相关。     

高寒冷凉地区日光温室温度变化规律研究

为了探明高寒冷凉地区日光温室内温度变化特征,预报温室内温度变化规律,调控温室内温度高低提供依据,利用2012年10月—2013年5月大通县国家现代农业示范园区节能日光温室内外温度及大通县气象观测资料,分析高寒冷凉地区不同天气类型下日光温室温度变化规律。结果表明,高寒冷凉地区试验期间温室内平均温度日变化和秋、冬、春3季温度日变化均表现为典型的“单峰”型。晴天温度最低值出现在08时,多云和阴天推迟1 h;室内温度最大值：晴天＞多云＞阴天,最小值：阴天＞多云＞晴天,导致日较差：晴天＞多云＞阴天,不同季节室内温度日变化有所不同;不同天气类型温室内外各时次、日平均以及最大值、最小值间相关性表现为：阴天＞多云＞晴天,相关系数夜间均大于白天,最低温度在不同天气类型相关性均较高,最高温度晴天、多云天两者相关性不明显,阴天相关性较高;冬季温室内外温差较大,增温效果显著。     

河川沙塘鳢不同家系生长性能的比较及优良亲本选择

采用巢式设计,对河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)四个不同地理群体(建德、当涂、射阳和苏州)进行群体内和群体间杂交,构建了34个全同胞家系,进而分析了不同家系子代的生长性状指标,方差分析和多重比较结果显示:不同家系的子代在生长性能上差异显著。其中,在整个生长测量过程中,F36、F35、F29、F16和F1号等家系无论是全长还是体重都表现较优的生长速度和增长量,生长优势明显,由此可判断F36、F35、F29、F16和F1等家系为优秀家系,可作为该品种进一步选育的基础群体。对34个河川沙塘鳢家系亲本来源与子代生长性能的相关性分析结果表明,生长性能良好的河川沙塘鳢家系中,父本来源于建德群体的居多,母本来源于当涂群体的居多。可见建德群体适合作父本,当涂群体适合作母本。     

不同坡向坡位对毛竹林生长及土壤因子的影响

为了探明桃江地区不同坡向坡位对毛竹林生长及土壤因子的影响,对不同坡向坡位毛竹林生长情况调查,土壤因子分析以及毛竹林林分生长指标与土壤因子指标相关性进行分析,结果表明:阳坡地毛竹林林分生长较好,相比较阴坡地,立竹度高,平均胸径低,株高稍高,而枝下高相差不大,毛竹林的生长指标由上坡至下坡逐渐转好,坡向是影响立竹度和平均尖削度主效因子,而且坡位也是影响平均尖削度的显著因子,但是交互作用不明显;阳坡地毛竹林分生物量较大,毛竹凋谢物较多,土壤因子指标明显较高于阴坡地,该时期水解氮和全氮平均值分别达到了100 mg/kg左右和2 g/kg左右,土壤速效磷含量保持在8 mg/kg左右,土壤速效钾含量处于中等偏上的状态(高于60 g/kg),平均值在70 g/kg以上,下坡土壤因子指标含量明显高于上坡和中坡,坡向是影响速效磷和有机质的显著因子,坡位是影响速效钾的显著因子,是影响有机质的主效因子,两个影响因子在同一水平上交互作用不明显;水解氮与平均株高呈显著相关;速效磷与平均尖削度显著相关;速效钾与立竹度极显著相关,与平均株高显著相关,与平均胸径呈负显著相关;有机质与平均株高显著相关,与平均胸径负显著相关,与立竹度极显著相关。     

面向对象土地覆被图像组合分类方法

研究了支持向量机在面向对象土地覆被图像分类中的应用技术,提出采用最小二乘支持向量机（LSSVM）与模糊灰色关联度联合评估（FG）相结合的一种新的组合分类方法简记FG-LSSVM,为土地覆被分类提供一种可行的高精度分类途径。根据图像上不同对象的空间尺度和光谱值特征,基于稳健的核密度梯度分割算法提取具有任意形状和唯一标识的均质对象后,为了比较提出方法的性能,采用原始对象样本依次验证了3个面向对象分类方法,即标准支持向量机方法、以模糊贴近度作为模糊因子的模糊支持向量机方法和传统K最近邻面向对象分类方法。实现了一个高精度面向对象土地覆被图像分类信息系统。试验结果表明：提出的FG-LSSVM面向对象方法相比标准支持向量机、模糊支持向量机与K最近邻方法试验精度约提高2.4%左右。提出的方法在识别效果上,符合研究区实际分类应用的要求。     

A fuzzy logic-classification of sediments based on data from in vitro biotests

Background, aim, and scope  Ecotoxicological risk assessment of sediments is usually based on a multitude of data obtained from tests with different endpoints. In the present study, a fuzzy logic-based model was developed in order to reduce the complexity of these data sets and to classify sediments on the basis of results from a battery of in vitro biotests. Materials and methods  The membership functions were adapted to fit the specific sensitivity and variability of each biotest. For this end, data sets were categorized into three toxicity levels using the box plot and empirical methods. The variability of each biotest was determined to calculate the range of the gradual membership. In addition, the biotests selected were ranked according to the biological organisation level in order to consider the ecological relevance of the endpoints measured by selected over- or underestimation of the toxicity levels. In the next step of the fuzzy logic model, a rule-base was implemented using if...and...then decisions to arrive at a system of five quality classes. Results  The results of the classification of sediments from the Rhine and Danube Rivers showed the highest correlation between the biotest results and the fuzzy logic alternative based on the empirical method (i.e. the classification of the data sets into toxicity levels). Discussion  Many different classification systems based on biological test systems are depending on respective data sets; therefore, they are difficult to compare with other locations. Furthermore, they don‘t consider the inherent variability of biotests and the ecological relevance of these test systems as well. In order to create a comprehensive risk assessment for sediments, mathematical models should be used which take uncertainties of biotest systems into account, since they are of particular importance for a reliable assessment. In the present investigation, the variability and ecological relevance of biotests were incorporated into a classification system based on fuzzy logic. Furthermore, since data from different sites and investigations were used to create membership functions of the fuzzy logic, this classification system has the potential to be independent of locations. Conclusions  In conclusion, the present fuzzy logic classification model provides an opportunity to integrate expert knowledge as well as acute and mechanism-specific effects for the classification of sediments for an ecotoxicological risk assessment. Recommendations and perspectives  In order to achieve a more comprehensive classification, further investigation is needed to incorporate results of chemical analyses and in situ parameters. Furthermore, more discussions are necessary with respect to the relative weight attributed to different ecological and chemical parameters in order to obtain a more precise assessment of sediments.     

不同活力花粉与其内含物及水分含量变化及相关性

【目的】研究花粉内含物的变化与花粉活力之间的关系。【方法】在4℃下贮藏砀山梨花粉,离体萌发法测定花粉活力,近红外光谱仪测定花粉的蛋白质、脂肪、硫甙、水分含量。【结果】随着花粉活力的下降,花粉中总蛋白质含量的增加,总脂肪含量呈锯齿状,硫甙含量呈锯齿状,含水量呈上升趋势。花粉活力与脂肪、硫甙、含水量与蛋白质之间有相互关系,花粉活力与脂肪r为0.623^**,花粉活力与硫甙r为0.813^**;花粉活力与含水量r为-0.886^**,花粉活力与蛋白质r为-0.807^**。【结论】脂肪、硫甙与花粉活力正相关,含水量、蛋白质与花粉活力呈负相关,花粉储藏应干燥以降低花粉呼吸代谢。     

水稻土镉污染与水稻镉含量相关性研究

采用盆栽试验的方法,考察了水稻土中重金属镉(Cd)的浓度对水稻生长及Cd富集的影响以及Cd在水稻植株的分布情况,并进一步研究了糙米(可食部位)对Cd的富集量与土壤中Cd总量的关系.结果表明,在各个浓度Cd胁迫下,根、茎叶、稻壳、糙米相比,2个品种水稻都是根累积的Cd含量要高于茎叶和稻壳、糙米,即根>茎叶>稻壳>糙米;在水稻的茎叶细胞中,Cd主要分布在细胞壁,细胞可溶性成分,细胞器Cd的分布量较少,即细胞壁>可溶性部分>细胞器及膜部分;随Cd浓度增加,茎叶中的Cd积累量极显著增加,各细胞组分中的Cd含量均显著增加;根据国标GB 2762-2005对大米中Cd的限最标准(≤0.2 mg·kg~(-1)),水稻土土壤总Cd临界值分别为2.0mg·kg~(-1)(博优225)、3.1 mg·kg~(-1)(矮糯).因此,在污染土壤上宜选种食用部位重金属积累低的水稻品种,以减少人类吸收重金属的风险.     

修正碳赤字视阈下京津冀县域生态补偿时空格局及其驱动因素

[目的]建立兼顾区域本底差异的生态补偿模型,进一步明确京津冀生态补偿时空分异格局及其主导驱动因子,为政府部门制定环境保护与宏观经济政策提供参考。[方法]基于修正碳赤字,利用模型构建、空间相关性分析与地理探测器技术等方法构建了合理的生态补偿框架,分析和研究了2007—2020年的京津冀县域生态补偿的时空变异格局、空间自相关性、驱动因子排序和交互作用等内容。[结果](1)京津冀县域2007—2020年碳排放量呈现“先增后减”的变化趋势,碳吸收量大体呈现持续增加的变化趋势。(2)修正前的京津冀县域碳赤字呈现东、南、西部高,而北部较低的U形格局,而修正后的碳赤字由于兼顾了区域间本底差异,在时空分布上更加均匀。(3)生态补偿额度冷点区域基本分布在京津冀东北部,热点区域分布在京津冀西南部,两者之间存在个别冷热点区域,整体呈现热点区域向东北方向移动,冷点显著区域向西南方向移动的趋势。(4)不同年份内影响生态补偿额变化的主要因子不同,2007,2012,2017和2020年这4 a中影响京津冀县域生态补偿变化的主导影响因子分别为第三产业产值、财政收入、第二产业产值和人均生产总值;不同年份导致生态补偿变...     

Application of humanized mice to toxicology studies: Evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated mode of action (MOA) for phenobarbital (PB)-induced rodent liver tumor formation has been established, with increased hepatocyte proliferation, which is a key event in tumor formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PB and other CAR-activators stimulate proliferation in cultured rodent hepatocytes, but not in cultured human hepatocytes. However, in the genetically humanized CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) mouse (hCAR/hPXR mouse, downstream genes are still mouse), PB increased hepatocyte proliferation and tumor production in vivo. In contrast to the hCAR/hPXR mouse, studies with chimeric mice with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse, both receptor and downstream genes are human) demonstrated that PB did not increase human hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. PB increased hepatocyte proliferation in a chimeric mouse model with rat hepatocytes, indicating that the lack of human hepatocyte proliferation is not due to any functional defect in the chimeric mouse liver environment. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the downstream genes of CAR/PXR activation were similar in hCAR/hPXR and CD-1 mice, but differed from those observed in chimeric mice with human hepatocytes. These findings strongly support the conclusion that the MOA for CAR-mediated rodent liver tumor formation is qualitatively implausible for humans. Indeed, epidemiological studies have found no causal link between PB and human liver tumors. There are many similarities with respect to hepatic effects and species differences between rodent CAR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activators. Based on our research, the chimeric mouse with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse) is reliable for human cancer risk assessment of test chemicals.