参考作物潜在蒸散量的人工神经网络模型研究

根据河套灌区多年气象资料和Penman-Monteith法计算得到的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),对影响ET0的主要气象因子进行了回归分析,并比较了以4因子(平均气温、净辐射、相对湿度、2 m处风速)和3因子(平均气温、净辐射、相对湿度)为输入向量,由Penman-Monteith法计算所得ET0为输出向量的BP网络ET0预报模型.研究表明,BP网络可以用于ET0的预报计算,四因子法和三因子法均简便可行,能满足生产的需要.相比之下,四因子法的精度更高.此研究是对传统ET0计算的补充.     

转基因植物标准物质研究进展

转基因产品的安全性一直都备受关注,因此转基因产品的定性、定量检测越来越重要,而转基因标准物质的使用是转基因产品检测结果有效和可比的重要保证.本文针对国内外转基因植物标准物质的研究现状及相关技术进行综述,重点介绍了转基因植物标准物质的种类、转基因标准物质定值技术,分析了转基因标准物质研制过程中的关键点.更重要的是综述并提出了质粒DNA分子标准物质的定值模式,包括如何合理评价质粒分子可替代性问题,此外还总结了目前国外转基因标准物质的种类,目的是为我国转基因植物标准物质研制和相关研究提供有价值的参考.     

干旱胁迫下春玉米冠层吐丝动态及籽粒数模拟研究

【目的】为实现干旱胁迫下玉米冠层吐丝动态的模拟,建立开花—吐丝间隔(anthesis-silking interval,ASI)和吐丝百分率与单位面积籽粒数的关系,改善干旱胁迫条件下玉米籽粒数的模拟效果。【方法】本研究基于锦州农业气象试验站干旱胁迫控制试验,测定了不同水分处理下玉米开花前后植株平均生长速率(PGR)、玉米冠层逐日吐丝百分率动态、ASI、开花后果穗生物量累积和株籽粒数等指标,利用上述数据确定了玉米冠层吐丝动态模型参数;进行了模拟吐丝百分率对植株生长速率平均值(PGR_AVE)和标准差(PGR_SD)两个输入参数的敏感性分析;基于果穗生物量累积过程,考虑干旱胁迫条件下冠层内植株个体间PGR的差异,开展开花前后不同干旱胁迫条件下冠层吐丝动态过程模拟;建立ASI与株结实率(株籽粒数占株最大潜在籽粒数的百分比)的定量关系;基于冠层吐丝动态模型模拟的开花后吐丝植株百分率、单株最大潜在籽粒数和株结实率,构建了基于冠层吐丝动态的籽粒数模型,进行了干旱胁迫下的籽粒数模拟与检验。【结果】冠层吐丝动态模型对PGR_AVE和PGR     

参考作物腾发量长期年际变化规律及其机理探讨

运用Penman-Monteith方法,对北京昌平、开封惠北及湖北团林3个灌排试验站的近几十年参考作物腾发量(ET0)进行计算,结果显示,惠北及团林站年均ET0在近几十年呈现随时间而下降的趋势,而昌平站年均ET0则随时间而上升。ET0与同步气象资料变化分析表明,ET0的上述变化是由于气象环境变化所引起,其中相对湿度是最主要原因,其次为温度及日照时数。对昌平站,由于相对湿度的降低和风速的增加,ET0表现出上升的趋势;对惠北及团林站,由于相对湿度的增加和日照时数的减少,ET0表现出下降的趋势。     

内参法在线粒体DNA纯度鉴定中的应用

为了确定普通差速离心法提取的小麦线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的纯度,以小麦肌动蛋白β亚基(β-Actin)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基(RabcL)和细胞色素C 氧化酶第三亚基(COXIII)基因的片段作为内参标记,依靠聚合酶链式反应(PCR)及琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术,对提取的mtDNA进行了检测.结果表明,普通差速离心法提取的mtDNA中混杂有核DNA和叶绿体DNA(ctDNA).对提取的mtDNA稀释后再进行内参法检测,结果发现,当mtDNA稀释到DNA原液的300～400倍时,混杂其中的核DNA已达不到PCR反应的敏感度,但mtDNA、ctDNA仍能满足作为PCR反应体系模板的要求.此时,提取到的mtDNA可视为无核DNA污染的细胞质基因组DNA.     

Re-imagining the precautionary approach to make collaborative fisheries management inclusive of Indigenous Knowledge Systems

Fisheries science uses quantitative methods to inform management decisions that reflect cultural preferences which, in turn, indirectly influence the states of ecosystems. To date, it has largely supported Eurocentric preferences for the commodification of marine organisms under the tenets of maximum sustainable yield, whereby abundances are intentionally maintained far below their historical baselines despite broader socio-ecological trade-offs. In contrast, Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) adhere to the principle of “take only what you need and leave lots for the ecosystem,” implementing lower fishery removals to support socio-ecological resilience. Despite the power imbalance favouring Eurocentric preferences in decision-making, fisheries scientists increasingly recognize that the pairing of IKS and Western science, or Two-Eyed Seeing, would lead to more holistic management goals. For recognition to transcend tokenism, meaningful collaborations and co-governance structures underlying knowledge co-production must carry through to legislated policy changes. Using recent co-governance developments for fisheries management and spatial protections involving federal, provincial and Indigenous governments in Pacific Canada, we illustrate how the precautionary approach, including reference points and harvest control rules broadly applied in international fisheries, could be revised to make collaborative fisheries management compatible with IKS and improve biodiversity and fisheries protections. Our recommendations may create socio-economic trade-offs at different timescales for commercial fishers. Pre-empting that challenge, we discuss IKS-compatible economic approaches for addressing shorter term costs arising from reduced exploitation rates. Although our case study derives from Pacific Canada, the insights provided here are broadly applicable elsewhere in the world.     

太行山石灰岩区隔坡复式梯田山地经济林模式研究

目前发展山地经济林普遍存在水、肥补给这一当前经济林建设中的一个突出问题１）,防止大面积山地经济林地力衰退,实现持续、高产、高效栽植也要解决这个重要问题。我们针对太行山石灰岩区的自然地质条件,提出了隔坡复式梯田整地山地经济林发展新模式（王棣等,１９９６）,并开展了较为系统的研究。１　研究地区自然概况和试验地条件１．１　研究地区自然概况　本研究是在太行山石灰岩区的平顺县进行的。位于东经１１３°１１′～１１３°４３′７″,北纬３５°５７′～３６°２７′４″之间,海拔１０００～１４００ｍ,属暖温带大陆季…     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (KC) of maize and sorghum

A ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ET_C) to reference evapotranspiration (ET_O) determines a crop coefficient (K_C) value, which is related to specific crop phenological development to improve transferability of the K_C values. Development of K_C can assist in predicting crop irrigation needs using meteorological data from weather stations. The objective of the research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific K_C and crop water use for maize (Zea Mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Texas AgriLife Research field in Uvalde, TX, USA from 2002 to 2008. Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA). A seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ET_O. Crop water requirements, K_C determination, and comparison to existing FAO K_C values were determined over a 3-year period for both maize and sorghum. Accumulated seasonal crop water use ranged between 441 and 641 mm for maize and between 491 and 533 mm for sorghum. The K_C values determined during the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.2 for maize and 0.2 to 1.0 for sorghum. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific K_C helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

影响母猪断奶至配种间隔的遗传参数估计

【目的】分析影响母猪断奶至配种间隔的因素,并估计母猪断奶至配种间隔的遗传参数,为猪场育种规划提供理论参考。【方法】本研究材料为2011—2016年间采集的华南地区2个场区(A场和B场)大白母猪和长白母猪的繁殖记录。采用Duncan’s法对影响母猪断奶至配种间隔的因素进行显著性分析,并使用DMU软件的AI-REML结合EM算法进行遗传参数估计。【结果】分娩胎次和断奶年份对母猪断奶至配种间隔影响均极显著(P0.01);断奶季节对A、B 2个场区长白母猪及B场大白母猪的断奶至配种间隔影响均极显著(P0.01),而对A场大白母猪的断奶至配种间隔影响不显著(P0.05);带仔数对A、B 2个场区的母猪断奶至配种间隔影响均不显著(P0.05)。A场大白和长白母猪的断奶至配种间隔遗传力分别为0.02和0.04,B场大白和长白母猪断奶至配种间隔的遗传力均为0.06。【结论】华南地区母猪断奶至配种间隔为低遗传力性状,受分娩胎次与断奶季节的影响显著。在实际生产中应缩短母猪初产后断奶至配种间隔,并尽可能使母猪在冷季断奶。     

云南省不同生态水文分区参考作物蒸散量算法适用性评价

将云南省分为3个区域(Ⅰ,滇西—滇西南山原与高山多水区;Ⅱ,滇西北—滇东北山原河谷中水区;Ⅲ,滇中北高原中水-少水区),基于36个气象站点1958—2013年逐日气象资料,以Penman-Monteith法为标准,利用线性回归法、均方根误差、平均偏差和Nash-Sutcliffe系数对Hargreaves-Samani法、Irmark-Allen法、Priestley-Taylor法、Makkink法、1948-Penman法、Penman-Van Bavel法、Turc法、FAO 24 Radiation法和Jensen-Haise法9种算法的计算精度进行对比。结果表明:1948-Penman法在云南省的适用性最强、计算精度最高,FAO 24 Radiation法与JensenHaise法误差较大,其中Ⅰ区适用性最好的是Hargreaves-Samani法,Ⅱ、Ⅲ区1—6月份为1948-Penman法,7—12月份为Priestley-Taylor法;在相对误差空间分布中,Ⅰ区Hargreaves-Samani法、Irmark-Allen法、Priestley-Taylor法、1948-Penman法的相对误差均在20%以下;Ⅱ、Ⅲ区中,Priestley-Taylor法、1948-Penman法的相对误差较小,为0~20%,同时在Ⅲ区中,Irmark-Allen法的相对误差也相对较小;因此,计算云南省的参考作物蒸散量时,整个区域推荐1948-Penman法,滇西—滇西南山原与高山多水区推荐Hargreaves-Samani法,滇西北—滇东北山原河谷中水区和滇中北高原中水-少水区推荐Priestley-Taylor法。