The origin of polyploids via 2n gametes in Vaccinium section Cyanococcus

Summary The production of 2n pollen (pollen with the sporophytic chromosome number) was evaluated in 4x and 6x taxa of Vaccinium section Cyanococcus. Mean frequencies of 2n pollen producers were 17.1% and 8.3% in natural 4x and 6x populations, respectively. The frequency of 2n pollen producers in the 4x species ranged from 8.6% (V. angustifolium) to 23.8% (V. pallidum). Level of 2n pollen production was genotypically variable (1% to 37.4%). The widespread occurrence of 2n pollen in 2x, 4x and 6x taxa suggests that sexual polyploidization was widespread and responsible for the origin of the polyploid species found in this genus. The frequency of 2n pollen producers was not significantly different between the 4x species and their putative 2x ancestors. These results support the origin of 4x and 6x taxa as a consequence of sexual polyploidization. Polyploids derived from sexual polyploidization would be expected to have increased fitness and flexibility due to the mode of 2n pollen formation. In blueberry species the predominant mode of 2n pollen formation is genetically equivalent to a first division restitution mechanism (FDR). FDR 2n pollen transmits a high percentage of the heterozygosity and a large fraction of the epistasis from the 2x parent to the 4x offspring.     

吉林省东部山区蓝莓棚式防寒技术的研究

以美登等4个蓝莓品种为试验材料,在吉林省东部山区进行冬季棚式防寒新技术与覆土防寒效果的比较研究,结果表明：棚式防寒较覆土防寒可节约成本4 485元·hm-2,果实产量增加收益12 942元·hm-2,总体收益提高了17 427元·hm-2,经济效益十分显著。     

蓝莓全光照喷雾扦插繁殖技术

在蓝莓引种栽培试验的基础上,详细介绍了蓝莓全光照扦插繁殖技术。     

越橘新品种“禾韵1号”选育报告

“禾韵1号”是由美国引入的越橘中选出,属半高丛类型.果实中晚熟,在吉林地区7月下旬至8月上旬成熟,扁圆形,被白色果粉,呈蓝色,平均单果质量1.96 g,品质佳.结果枝条上呈串状结果,果穗紧密.抗病力和抗寒力强,丰产性好.适宜于吉林省土壤pH4.5～5.5、冬季绝对低温不低于-35℃(简易防寒)、无霜期110 d以上、≥10℃年有效积温2 300℃以上的地区引种试栽.     

Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops

BACKGROUND: The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of small‐fruit crops. Unlike most other Drosophila, this insect is able to oviposit into and damage ripe and ripening fruit, making it unmarketable. Because this is a new pest in the United States, it is necessary to identify registered insecticides to manage this insect effectively in conventional and organic production systems. RESULTS: The present laboratory bioassays and field trials identified a number of insecticides representing various modes of action that are effective in controlling D. suzukii. Products that performed well in the laboratory bioassay also performed well in the field, indicating that screening of new chemistries in the laboratory is a worthy exercise. Field application of pyrethoids, organophosphates or spinosyns provided 5–14 days of residual control of D. suzukii. The efficacy of the neonicotinoids as adulticides was not satisfactory compared with the other contact‐mode‐of‐action chemistries. Based on the zero tolerance by the small‐fruit industry and the individual effects mentioned above, neonicotinoids are not currently recommended for D. suzukii management. CONCLUSIONS: There are effective insecticides registered for controlling D. suzukii infestations in susceptible small‐fruit crops. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

论蓝莓种植的病虫害防治

病虫害防治是蓝莓栽培管理中的重要环节,其病虫害防治要采取预防为主,适时防治的方针,才能获得较高的经济效益。     

兔眼蓝莓组织培养过程中褐化与生根问题的探讨

以兔眼蓝莓茎尖和茎段形成的愈伤组织和长期继代培养的试管苗为材料,接种于改良的WPM和1/2WPM的培养基中,研究活性炭与Vc液对兔眼蓝莓外植体和愈伤组织形成中褐化的影响以及外源体、活性炭对无根苗瓶内生根的影响。结果表明,当培养基中加入Vc液并含100～200 mg·L-1的活性炭时,能有效防止外植体褐化的发生;当培养基中加入Vc液并含200～500 mg·L-1活性碳时,可有效防止愈伤组织褐化发生。蓝莓继代培养试管苗在1/2 WPM的培养基中添加0.2 mg·L-1IBA,并含100～200 mg·L-1活性炭时生根情况最为理想,经过7 d暗培养,30 d后生根率高达87.8%。     

透湿性反光膜和秸秆覆盖对越橘果实品质形成的影响

以南高丛越橘品种奥尼尔(O'Neal)和兔眼越橘品种杰兔(Premier)为试材,研究透湿性反光膜、秸秆覆盖处理对越橘果实生长发育期间品质变化的影响.结果表明,越橘园覆盖反光膜和秸秆处理,其单果重大于对照,可溶性固形物、还原糖含量也高于对照.反光膜覆盖处理的果实可滴定酸、有机酸含量显著降低,秸秆覆盖处理的果实可滴定酸、有机酸含量亦略有降低.对于果实花色苷含量,反光膜覆盖处理最高,秸秆覆盖处理居其次,而对照最低.     

植物激活蛋白可湿性粉剂调节蓝莓生长试验

以不同浓度的植物激活蛋白可湿性粉剂处理露地栽植的4个蓝莓品种,进行产量和抗病性的调查。结果表明:通过植物激活蛋白处理后,不同品种蓝莓的产量和抗病性均有不同程度的提高,其中小区试验喷施稀释800倍液植物激活蛋白效果较好。说明植物激活蛋白可湿性粉剂对促进蓝莓生长发育,改善其品质和提高产量,具有一定作用。     

对小兴安岭野生及栽培蓝莓品种花青素提取条件的优化

选取7个蓝莓引进品种和1个野生品种,均在伊春地区生长、产果良好.对鲜果花青素含量测定发现,品种北陆花青素含量最高;采用超声波辅助乙醇浸提法提取花青素,分别考察浸提PH值、浸提时间、浸提温度及浸提液乙醇体积分数对蓝莓花青素提取率的影响,并根据4个因子设计L9（34）正交试验,最佳提取工艺条件为：PH为3.0,浸提温度为50℃,浸提时间为60 min,浸提剂乙醇体积分数为50％;在此工艺条件下,蓝莓花青素提取率达到最大值,即6.5％.