Diversity in the carotenoid profiles and the expression of genes related to carotenoid accumulation among citrus genotypes

Carotenoids are not only important to the plants themselves but also are beneficial to human health. Since citrus fruit is a good source of carotenoids for the human diet, it is important to study carotenoid profiles and the accumulation mechanism in citrus fruit. Thus, in the present paper, we describe the diversity in the carotenoid profiles of fruit among citrus genotypes. In regard to carotenoids, such as β-cryptoxanthin, violaxanthin, lycopene, and β-citraurin, the relationship between the carotenoid profile and the expression of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes is discussed. Finally, recent results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of carotenoid contents and expression levels of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes in citrus fruit are shown.     

基于模糊数学感官评价和混料设计的低度甜糯玉米酒原料配方优化

为了优化以鲜食甜糯玉米为主要原料制备甜糯玉米酒的原料配方。试验运用模糊数学原理,将甜糯玉米酒感官品质数学抽象量化,以量化后的感官品质为指标,通过混料试验设计,建立原料配方与感官品质之间的回归模型。结果表明:该模型的拟合程度好(R=0.984 4,P0.001),可用于预测和分析甜糯玉米酒的感官品质。经模型优化可得,感官品质评价为"好"的甜糯玉米酒原料配方为鲜食糯玉米(66%)、鲜食甜玉米(17%)和糯米(17%)。本研究酿造的甜糯玉米酒的酒精度仅为4.75%,远低于一般低度酒,符合现代人的饮酒需求。     

水质快速检测设备的硬软件设计及实现

[目的]研制本质快速检测设备,实现水质的现场多指标快速检测.[方法]对设备的硬件及软件进行了设计.硬件设计包含了1P2303芯片、锂电,Cortex-M3型ARM微控制器、树莓派显示系统、光频转换器等的设计;软件设计则包含了软件设置、项目选项、项目测量结果以及测量数据表格输出等模块的设计;并对水质快速检测设备的可靠性进行了试验检验.[结果]通过对该设计的设备硬件和软件合理搭配连接,从而研发出了水质快速检测设备.用该设备与国家标准要求的设备同时测定某一河道水样的5项指标结果发现,3个样点水样中铁、氨态氮、氟化物、硝酸盐和6价铬含量的两组数据值接近,无明显差异.虽然国家标准法检测下限比快测法高一个数量级,但快速设备的测定结果不影响操作员对水质的判断,说明该水质快速检测设备精密度高;两种测定方法的稳定性比较,结果快速测定法的5个指标数据的相对偏差略高于国家标准法(3.92％),但其测定结果能够较好地满足现场测定要求,说明该水质快速检测设备稳定性良好.[结论]该水质快速检测设备的检测精度和稳定性较高,可满足水质的现场快速检测要求.     

hrpZ_(Psta)在转基因大豆中定量表达与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性相关研究

以T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆JN29-705-15和JL30-187为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Quantitative Real Time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测了目标基因在转基因大豆不同组织中的表达量,分别利用下胚轴侵染法和叶面喷施法鉴定疫霉根腐病抗性和灰斑病抗性,并分析目的基因表达量与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性的相关性。结果表明:hrpZPsta基因在大豆的叶、茎、根、籽粒中均有表达,二个株系平均相对表达量分别为8.2/6.1、0.9/0.7、6.5/4.6和0.8/0.7;T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆抗疫霉根腐病和灰斑病能力与野生型相比均有所提高,JN29-705-15对疫霉根腐病抗性从感病提高到中抗,而JL30-187从中抗提高到抗病;hrpZPsta基因在叶中的表达量也与抗灰斑病能力呈正相关,与病情级别呈极显著负相关。试验结果初步证明了外源基因hrp ZPsta在大豆植株中的表达量与受体植株对疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性存在一定的相关性。     

茶树小分子量热激蛋白基因CsHSP17.2的克隆与表达分析

[目的]进一步了解茶树小分子量热激蛋白基因CsHSP17.2在逆境胁迫条件下的分子生物学功能.[方法]利用RT-PCR技术从茶树‘迎霜’中克隆得到CsHSP1 7.2基因,运用生物信息学软件分析其核苷酸和编码蛋白,通过Real-timePCR分析其表达模式.[结果]该基因开放阅读框长度为453 bp,编码150个氨基酸,蛋白质相对分子质量为17.2×10a,理论等电点5.56;无信号肽位点,属于非分泌型蛋白;被定位于细胞质中.系统发育树分析表明,茶树CsHSP1 7.2与水稻(GenBank登录号:P27777)和花生(ABC41131)的进化关系较近,属于小分子量热激蛋白基因家族第Ⅰ亚族.qRT-PCR分析发现,茶树CsHSP17.2属于组成型基因;高温(38℃)处理1h能显著提高CsHSP17.2 mRNA的相对表达量(P＜0.05);干旱(100 g·L-1 PEG 6000)、高盐(200 mmol· L-1 NaCl)和外源脱落酸(200 mg· L-1 ABA)处理条件下,该基因的转录水平均出现不同程度的上调.[结论]克隆得到茶树‘迎霜’小分子量热激蛋白基因CsHSP17.2,其在花中表达量最高,且响应高温、干旱、高盐和外源脱落酸胁迫.     

基于模糊数学感官评价法优化芒果无糖软糖配方研究

目的：以芒果、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、低聚果糖为主要原料，研发一款品质优良且具有预防龋齿，促进消化吸收，提高免疫力等功能的芒果无糖软糖。方法：以感官评价为指标，通过单因素试验研究木糖醇、山梨糖醇、低聚果糖的添加比例、复合凝结剂添加量以及柠檬酸添加量等对芒果软糖感官品质的影响，通过正交试验，模糊数学法优化芒果软糖配方。结果：芒果软糖的最佳配方为芒果汁添加量50%，柠檬酸添加量0.2%，复合凝结剂添加量10%，木糖醇、山梨糖醇、低聚果糖的添加比例2:3:1（添加量为35%）；二十二碳六烯酸添加量1%，维生素C添加量0.5%。结论：此配方下的芒果软糖不仅色泽均匀、弹性适中，而且形态饱满，酸甜可口，具有一定的保健功效。     

Quantitative trait loci for fruit size and flowering time-related traits under domestication and diversifying selection in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

In cucumber, the genetic basis of traits under domestication and/or diversifying selection is not well understood. Here, we reported QTL mapping for flowering time and fruit size-related traits with segregating populations derived from a cultivated × wild cross. Phenotypic data of flowering time (FT), fruit size (FS), fruit number (FN) and fruit weight per plant (FW) were collected in multiple environments. QTL analysis identified 19 QTL for these traits. We found that the major-effect QTL FT1.1 played an important role in regulating flowering time in cultivated cucumber, whereas the minor-effect QTL FT6.3 contributed to photoperiod sensitive flowering time during domestication. Two novel consensus FS QTL, FS1.4 and FS2.3, seem to be the targets of selection during breeding for the US processing cucumber. All other FS QTL were co-localized with previously detected QTL using populations derived from cultivated cucumbers, suggesting that they were under selection during both initial domestication and subsequent improvement. Results from this study also suggested that the wild cucumber is a useful resource for capturing positive transgressive segregation and novel alleles that could be explored in cucumber breeding.     

Collembola in ecotoxicology—Any news or just boring routine?

Despite the uncontested significance of soils for human nutrition and drinking water quality, the majority of ecotoxicological testing is confined to aquatic test systems. Among the standardised tests for soils, the reproduction test with the springtail Folsomia candida is among the most widely used ones. First steps towards its standardisation were undertaken in the late 1980s. Here we review major advances that have been made since then, with respect to mechanistic, pragmatic and ecological aspects. Specifically we address the ecological relevance of any modifications of the standardised tests. We introduce a miniaturised version of the reproduction test which allows reducing the amount of soil per test unit to one third and the number of synchronised individuals to 40% as compared to the standard test. In addition, we developed an assay using Collembola eggs instead of synchronised adults. First results of a three-species test indicate that the presence of other species may affect choice behaviour. We point out a potential biased view of existing ecotoxicological data with Collembola due to the fact that most results refer to metal contamination. Finally, recommendations for future research are given, with special reference to avoidance and microcosm tests involving Collembola.     

便携式XRF仪现场快速测定土壤中Pb的可行性研究

便携式XRF分析仪具有轻便、快速和可测对象较多与测量元素较广等特点而广泛应用于矿石、土壤等方面快速检测,但土壤的现场快速测定结果的准确性有待进一步研究与探讨。以安宁河谷平原土壤中Pb为研究对象,通过对便携式XRF仪现场快速检测结果与实验室分析结果的对比和影响因素的分析,建立基于安宁河谷平原表层土壤快速测定结果的线性函数为y=1.170 9x-17.326 0(R~2=0.992 9,x为现场检测结果),探讨其影响因素,为该区域表层土壤中Pb快速检测结果提供依据。     

Soil available potassium affected by rice straw incorporation and potassium fertilizer application under a rice–oilseed rape rotation system

Data from 147 field trials were collected to study the influence of straw incorporation on soil potassium (K) under an intensive rice–oilseed rape rotation system, while pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw incorporation on soil K availability. A significant correlation was observed between the soil available K and the relative yield (RRY) and the relative K uptake (RKU) of oilseed rape, with R² values ranging from 0.07 to 0.08 and from 0.10 to 0.11, respectively, when data were fitted to a logarithmic equation model. In approximately 30% of trials, RRY reached 90%, while soil test available K values were below the critical limit, indicating that soil K values at the time of sampling (within 1 week of rice harvest) underestimated the actual soil K supply capacity. The pot experiment results showed that soil available K was affected by straw incorporation and soil type in the fallow period. The NH₄OAc‐K and NaBPh₄‐K concentrations of soils increased at first, and then, plateaued after 28 days. Straw incorporation significantly influenced the critical soil K concentration, which is important for making accurate K fertilizer recommendation. These results suggested that straw K should be seriously considered in making K fertilizer recommendations. Extending the sampling time from 1 to 3 weeks after the harvesting of rice to stabilize the effects of straw incorporation may help achieve a more accurate evaluation of soil available K.