Effects of Energy and Protein Supplementation on the Production and Economic Efficiency of Scavenging Improved (Tamhoang) and Local (Ri) Breed Hens under Smallholder Conditions in North Vietnam

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of supplementing maize meal and soybean meal, separately or mixed, on egg production performance of two breeds of scavenging hens under on-farm conditions. Treatments were: (1) confined, with a mixed feed (75% maize meal and 25% soybean meal) ad libitum (CMF); (2) scavenging, with a supplement of 60 g/bird per day of maize meal (ScM); (3) scavenging, with a supplement of 25 g/bird per day of soybean meal (ScS); (4) scavenging, with 54 g/ bird per day of the mixed feed (ScMF). Mean hen-day production was 21.8%, 19.8%, 17.7% and 22.8% for the CMF, ScM, ScS and ScMF treatments, respectively (p <0.05), and was significantly (p <0.001) higher for the improved Tamhoang breed (24.4%) than for the local Ri hens (16.7%). Mean egg weight was significantly higher for the Tamhoang (53.2 g) compared to the Ri hens (45.0 g) (p<0.01). Feed consumption per kilogram of eggs was significantly higher for the CMF treatment compared to the other treatments and was lower for the ScS compared to the other scavenging treatments (p <0.05). Feed cost per kilogram of eggs was lowest for the ScM treatment and was 30 to 40% higher for the confined treatment compared to the scavenging treatments. Feed consumption and cost of feed per kilogram of eggs were significantly lower for the Tamhoang than for the Ri hens.     

鸡新城疫、鸡传染性支气管炎二联活疫苗生产工艺改进初探

调整鸡新城疫、鸡传染性支气管炎二联活疫苗半成品生产的生产工艺,使鸡传染性支气管炎病毒与鸡新城疫病毒在一枚鸡胚内繁殖,收获48-96h死胚以及96h活胚的尿囊液,同时检验两种病毒的病毒含量（EID50）,结果表明两病毒含量均达到了《中华人民共和国兽用生物制品规程》（2000版）的要求。应用该生产工艺可提高种蛋的利用率,降低生产成本。     

饲粮叶酸添加水平对山麻鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、生殖器官及血浆生殖激素指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮叶酸(FA)添加水平对山麻鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质、生殖器官及血浆生殖激素指标的影响,以确定产蛋期(18~32周龄)山麻鸭FA的需要量。试验选用16周龄的山麻鸭360只,随机分成6个组,每个组5个重复,每个重复12只,单笼饲养。试验蛋鸭饲喂不添加FA的基础饲粮2周后,分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0 mg/kg FA的试验饲粮,试验期15周。结果表明:1)饲粮FA添加水平对产蛋初期、产蛋高峰期和试验全期的蛋鸭产蛋性能指标无显著影响(P0.05)。2)随着饲粮FA添加水平的提高,蛋壳相对重和蛋壳厚度先升高后下降,1.0 mg/kg FA添加组的蛋壳相对重显著高于其他组(P0.05)。3)随着饲粮FA添加水平的提高,优势卵泡重、优势卵泡重/卵巢重先升高后降低,饲粮FA添加水平对优势卵泡重和优势卵泡重/卵巢重有显著影响(P0.05),以4.0mg/kg FA添加组最高。4)随着饲粮FA添加水平的提高,血浆孕酮浓度先升高后下降,其中2.0 mg/kg FA添加组血浆孕酮浓度最高;8.0 mg/kg FA添加组血浆促黄体生成素浓度显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。由此可见,在玉米-豆粕型饲粮中添加FA在一定程度上有利于促进优势卵泡的发育,但未能显著影响山麻鸭的产蛋性能。仅考虑产蛋性能,玉米-豆粕型饲粮中不需添加FA;以蛋壳相对重和蛋壳厚度为评价指标,建议玉米-豆粕型饲粮FA适宜添加水平为1.0 mg/kg。     

饲粮代谢能及粗蛋白质水平对绍兴鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质及血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮代谢能(ME)及粗蛋白质(CP)水平对绍兴鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质及血浆生化指标的影响,探讨绍兴鸭饲粮中代谢能及粗蛋白质的适宜水平。采用3×3二因子完全随机分组设计,选择972只健康的38周龄绍兴鸭,随机分为9个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复18只鸭。饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质各设3个水平,代谢能水平:11.30、10.88、10.46 MJ/kg;粗蛋白质水平:18%、17%、16%。试验期为12周。结果表明:1)饲粮代谢能水平对绍兴鸭产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比均无显著影响(P0.05),但饲粮代谢能水平显著影响了绍兴鸭日产蛋重(P0.05);饲粮代谢能水平为11.30 MJ/kg时,日产蛋重最高,料蛋比最低。饲粮粗蛋白质水平对产蛋率、平均蛋重、日产蛋重、平均日采食量、料蛋比均无显著影响(P0.05);饲粮粗蛋白质水平为18%时,产蛋率及日产蛋重最高。2)蛋黄色泽随饲粮代谢能水平升高而显著升高(P0.05),但随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的升高而显著下降(P0.05),且饲粮代谢能与粗蛋白质水平对蛋黄色泽存在显著的交互作用(P0.05)。3)饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对血浆中总蛋白、白蛋白含量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮代谢能水平增加显著提高了肝脏中甘油三酯的含量(P0.05)。随饲粮粗蛋白质水平升高,肝脏中脂肪含量有降低的趋势(P=0.08)。由此可见,在本试验中,饲粮代谢能水平为11.30 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质水平为18%时,绍兴鸭的生产性能达到最佳。     

Effect of feeding broccoli floret residues on leghorn layer performance and egg quality and nutrient digestibility

1. A study was conducted to determine the effects of dried broccoli floret (DBF) on egg production parameters, egg quality and apparent nutrient digestibility of laying hens. It was hypothesised that feeding DBF can improve egg quality without adversely affecting layer performance.2. Seventy-two White Leghorn layers aged 62 weeks were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (6 cage replicates with 3 hens each) and fed diets containing 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg DBF in feed for 56 d.3. Inclusion of DBF had no effect on feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio or egg components. However, egg weight increased (linear effect, P < 0.05) as the level of DBF in the diet increased. Egg breakage strength, eggshell strength and Haugh unit were not influenced by dietary treatments. Egg yolk colour (quadratic effect, P = 0.002) and α-tocopherol concentration (quadratic effect, P < 0.0001) improved as a result of DBF inclusion. Egg yolk cholesterol concentration was not altered by DBF inclusion. Apparent total tract nutrient (dry matter, organic matter and crude protein) digestibility coefficients decreased (linear effect, P < 0.05) as the level of DBF increased.4. Feeding DBF to layers up to 120 g/kg of the diet had no negative effects on feed intake, egg production and feed efficiency and improved egg yolk colour and α-tocopherol concentration. However, total tract nutrient digestibility coefficients were negatively decreased as a result of DBF inclusion.     

Phenotypic characteristics of upright and pendulous comb among chicken breeds and association with growth rate and egg production

Upright and pendulous combs commonly exist in most single‐comb chicken breeds. Here, the phenotypic characteristics of upright and pendulous combs in chickens and association with growth rate and egg production were analyzed. Phenotypic frequencies of upright and pendulous comb were investigated in five chicken breeds; the phenotypic frequencies of complete pendulous comb (CPC) and partial pendulous comb (PPC) ranged from 10.1% to 29.0% and 21.8% to 65.3%, respectively. CPC hens produced more eggs than PPC hens (P < 0.05) in Nongda‐3, Huainan and Wenchang breeds. In Huainan breed, CPC males were heavier than PPC males at 12 and 16 weeks of age, while CPC females were heavier at 24 weeks of age. PPC and CPC chickens have greater (P < 0.05) comb length, comb height and comb index than upright comb (UC) chickens. There was no significant difference in comb phenotypic frequency distribution between the offspring from UC(♂) × CPC(♀) and CPC(♂) × UC(♀); however, it differed (χ² = 45.12, P < 0.01) between offspring from UC(♂) × UC(♀) and CPC(♂) × CPC(♀). These results suggested that the comb phenotype does not appear to be Z‐linked; the effective loci influencing the trait could be estimated in a further study.     

苜蓿籽蜂寄生沙打旺种子的时期研究

苜蓿籽蜂是沙打旺上重要的害虫之一,其蛀食种子,严重影响沙打旺的种子生产。为了确定籽蜂在田间寄生于种子内的时间,以便适时防治,减少危害,本研究于11月初沙打旺成熟期采集了8个品种沙打旺的早花穗(已成熟果穗)和晚花穗(未完全成熟果穗),将每个品种早花穗和晚花穗的单穗脱粒后分别放置于室内用自封袋封闭的玻璃培养皿中,同时将每个品种的3个果穗放置于室外有细小网孔可防止成虫逃逸的尼伦纱网中,每周统计1次羽化成虫数直至羽化结束。室内、外试验均测定籽蜂的整体羽化进度以及在不同品种、不同花穗上的寄生水平等。结果显示,籽蜂对沙打旺种子的寄生率为0(辽宁阜新晚花穗)~20.71%(固原早花穗),随着花穗早晚和品种不同而不同,其中内蒙早熟、宁夏彭阳、固原、辽宁阜新、河南沙打旺的早花穗种子中籽蜂的寄生率显著高于晚花穗(P<0.05)。籽蜂在室内与室外羽化的进度不同,在室内羽化历时167 d,而在室外羽化历时仅77 d;在室内与室外最早羽化时间分别为2月3日和5月5日左右,在室内比在室外提前91 d;羽化高峰期分别为3月31日和5月26日左右,在室内比在室外提前56 d,但羽化末期相同,均为7月21日。早花穗和晚花穗均有2个羽化高峰期,说明收集的果穗中的籽蜂有2个寄生高峰期。籽蜂在不同品种上的羽化进度也不同,意味着籽蜂寄生种子的时期与品种有关。由此可知,籽蜂的幼虫无冬季休眠习性,只要温度适宜就可继续生长取食、发育并完成羽化。室外放置的沙打旺果穗和室内存放的种子中的籽蜂均可成为田间沙打旺的虫源,由本研究得出田间防治籽蜂应在沙打旺始花期至7月下旬左右进行。     

有机锌锰对蛋鸡种蛋中锌锰含量及子代胫骨发育的影响

试验旨在研究蛋鸡母体添加有机锌和有机锰对种蛋中锌锰含量及后代雏鸡骨骼发育的影响。选取23周龄、体重相近的健康海兰褐祖代种母鸡576只,随机分为3组,每组12个重复,每个重复16只鸡。对照组饲粮添加80 mg/kg的无机锌锰(来源:ZnSO4、MnSO4),等量添加组饲粮用40 mg/kg的有机锌锰(来源:氨基酸锌、锰)替换对照组饲粮等量的无机锌和无机锰,额外添加组饲粮在对照组饲粮的基础上添加40 mg/kg有机锌、锰,试验第8、24周测定种蛋中锌锰含量,试验第31周所产种蛋入孵。检测1日龄雏鸡的胫骨发育情况。结果表明:种鸡饲粮中添加有机锌锰显著提高了蛋黄和胫骨中的锰沉积量(P<0.05);试验第23周,等量添加组雏鸡的胫骨长度显著高于对照组和额外添加组(P<0.05);试验第31周,等量添加组雏鸡的胫骨重显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,种鸡饲粮等量添加有机和无机锌锰能促进锰在蛋黄和后代胫骨中的沉积,促进骨骼发育。     

“神丹6号”绿壳蛋鸡配套系筛选

研究旨在通过观测二元、三元杂交组合生产性能,筛选"神丹6号"绿壳蛋鸡最佳配套组合。以江苏省家禽科学研究所选育的C3、C4、M2、G2等品系为素材组成6个二元杂交组合,观测生产性能,从中筛选出生产性能较好的3个二元组合:C4×M2、C4×C3、C4×G2,以绿壳蛋鸡新品系(L3)为终端父本,组成3个三元杂交组合,观测52周龄产蛋性能和蛋品质。综合产蛋数、平均蛋重、耗料量等育种指标,最终确定L3×(C4×M2)为"神丹6号"绿壳蛋鸡最佳配套组合,继续开展下一步工作。