学校供餐计划与人力资本积累的研究进展

为探究学校供餐计划对人力资本积累的影响,采用文献综述方法,系统回顾和梳理学校供餐计划的国际研究进展,阐明学校供餐计划的概念和理论基础,重点分析其对人力资本积累的短期影响、长期效果以及溢出效应。在此基础上,探究学校供餐计划的方案设计和国际经验,进一步分析现阶段中国农村义务教育学生营养改善计划取得的成效和可能的不足,并提出相应完善建议。结果表明：学校供餐计划对人力资本积累具有重要影响,中国需要进一步构建项目监督和激励机制,结合其他益贫政策,发挥营养健康教育的协同作用,进而提高人力资本和促进乡村振兴。本研究的梳理总结有助于加深对学校供餐计划的认识,同时为我国有效实施营养干预项目,促进儿童人力资本积累和减少贫困代际转移提供借鉴和思考。     

Clostridium butyricum as probiotic for promoting growth performance,feed utilization,gut health and microbiota community of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus)

The feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potentials of Clostridium butyricum in the diet of tilapia. Fish (~14 g) were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control), 0.5 (C‐1), 1 (C‐2), 2 (C‐3), 4 (C‐4) and 8 (C‐5) g/kg commercial probiotic‐containing C. butyricum (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain significantly increased, and feed conversion ratio decreased in the C‐2, C‐3 and C‐4 groups (p < .05). The protein retention (except C‐1 group), lipid retention and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter in probiotic supplementation groups were significantly enhanced, and ADC of protein in the C‐4 group was also improved (p < .05). The supplementation of probiotic significantly increased villus height in anterior intestines and reduced the numbers of intestinal Escherichia coli (p < .05). High‐throughput sequencing showed that top three phyla namely Planctomycetes in all probiotic‐containing groups, Proteobacteria in the C‐1 and C‐2 groups and Chloroflexi in the C‐3 group had higher level than the NC group. The cumulative mortality was reduced by dietary probiotic after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila (p < .05). In conclusion, C. butyricum can be supplemented at 1–2 g/kg feed for promoting the growth, feed utilization, gut health and microbiota of tilapia.     

Dietary Moringa oleferia leaf meal induce growth,innate immunity and cytokine expression in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

The present research was designed to investigate the growth promoting and immunostimulating properties of Moringa oleferia leaf meal (MLM) in grass carp. Juvenile grass carp (22.03 g ± 1.164) were fed with diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100 and 150 g/kg MLM for 48 days. At the end of feeding trial, skin mucus was used for analysis of lysozyme, protease, antiprotease and peroxidase activity. Head kidney was used for expression analysis of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐8 and interferon‐γ. The obtained results showed that fish fed with 100 and 150 g/kg MLM had significant increase in weight gain and specific growth rate (p < .05). However, condition factor was not altered. The MLM (50 and 100 g/kg) inclusion resulted in higher mucus lysozyme and protease activity (p < .05), while peroxidase activity increased only in fish fed with 100 g/kg MLM and antiprotease activity was not altered. Expression of tnf‐α increased in a dose‐dependent manner, and significant (p < .05) increase was recorded in fish fed with 150 g/kg MLM. The expression of il‐8 and ifn‐γ increased in fish fed with 50 and 150 g/kg MLM; however, the increase was not significant (p > .05). In conclusion, supplementing juvenile grass carp feed with MLM up to 150 g/kg has growth promoting and immunostimulating effects.     

Sodium alginate supplementation modulates gut microbiota,health parameters,growth performance and growth‐related gene expression in Malaysian Mahseer Tor tambroides

This study investigated the effects of sodium alginate supplementation on gut microbiota composition, health parameters, growth performances and growth‐related gene expression of Malaysian mahseer. Five test diets were formulated by supplementing 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% sodium alginate. Triplicate groups of juvenile Tor tambroides (2.19 ± 0.05 g) were stocked in 15 aquaria (20 individuals per aquarium) and fed at 3.0% body weight per day for 60 days. PCoA and UPGMA analysis showed that gut bacterial community were more convergence in higher sodium alginate‐supplemented diets. The percentage of Porphyromonadaceae, Bacteroides, Plesiomonas and Shewanella were substantially higher and Aeromonas, Entomoplasmatales and Prevotellaceae were drastically lower in higher sodium alginate (0.2%–0.8%) diets. Sodium alginate supplementation (≥0.2%) significantly improved the haematocrit value and respiratory burst activity of T. tambroides. Growth performances and feed utilization were significantly higher in 0.2%–0.4% sodium alginate‐supplemented diets. The increased growth rate of T. tambroides was governed by both hyperplastic and hypertrophic muscle growth. Real‐time PCR data demonstrated that most of the growth‐related genes were significantly upregulated in 0.2%–0.4% sodium alginate‐supplemented diet. Finally, it can be concluded that sodium alginate should be supplemented at 2 g/kg in practical fish feed formulation.     

应用浮游植物生物完整性指数评价长江上游河流健康

2013年11月-2014年6月对长江上游宜宾至江津段五个断面的浮游植物进行了四次调查,共鉴定出浮游植物6门38属95种。对13个备选指标进行分布范围、判别能力及Pearson相关性分析,构建了适合长江上游的浮游植物生物完整性指数(P-IBI)指标体系,即香农多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、浮游植物密度、硅藻密度百分比等参数指标。采用3分制法、4分制法和比值法分别对生物指标计分,评价结果显示:高庄桥、羊石处于"健康"状态;白沙处于"亚健康"状态;而江安、德感处于"亚健康"向"一般"过渡状态。综合来看,三种评价方法所反映各样点的健康状况基本一致,只是4分制法和比值法在划分评价等级上更细致,评价结果更精确。Pearson相关性分析显示:TN、pH与P-IBI值呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

张家口市河流筑坝与硬化的生态系统健康影响研究

研究筑坝与硬化对河流生态系统健康的影响,为人工改造河流的生态修复和管理优化提供科学依据。以张家口市清水河—洋河干流5个不同程度筑坝与硬化的河段为研究对象,构建了包括河道结构、河床底质、水文特征、水质参数和水生生物5类指标的河流生态系统健康指数(RHI),评估了筑坝与硬化对河流健康的影响。结果表明,河道轻微疏浚或具拦砂坝河段的生态系统健康等级为好(RHI 30~40),具溢流堰河岸硬化河段为中等健康(RHI 20~30),筑坝和河床河岸全硬化的河段生态系统健康等级为差(RHI 10~20)。筑坝与硬化改变河流物理结构,进而影响河床底质组分和水文特征,其与RHI的变化显著相关(P<0.05),是损害河流生态系统健康的主要原因;此外,总磷、有机质污染及较低的水生生物多样性对河流的健康均有不利影响,仅在夏季植物大量生长和污染物质被稀释时,RHI有所提高。为了改善河流生态系统的健康状况,需要恢复自然的河岸和缓冲带,改善河流水动力,并加强外源污染控制。     

Development and evaluation of a fish‐based index to assess biological integrity of Mediterranean streams

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