水产品等食品中磺胺类抗生素残留分析与预处理方法的研究进展

对水产品等食品中磺胺类抗生素常用的分析方法和预处理方法进行了综述,归纳和比较了毛细管电泳法、微生物方法、液相色谱-质谱法、免疫法、气相色谱法、分光光度法、高效液相色谱法等特点。其中高效液相色谱法由于操作简便、快速、灵敏、准确的特点,是当前检测磺胺类抗生素的主要方法。同时,对包括固相萃取、分子印迹等预处理方法进行了综述。     

Fast growth, protein turnover and costs of protein metabolism in yolk-sac larvae of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

In fish larvae the costs of rapid growth may be accommodated by a decrease in the rate of protein turnover or by a reduction in the costs of protein synthesis. Protein growth, synthesis and degradation were measured in yolk-sac larvae of Clarias gariepinus and the costs of protein synthesis and protein growth were estimated. Growth rates were over 100% protein weight day^-1. Protein synthesis retention efficiency (retained protein per unit of synthesis) was estimated to be 69.6%, a value comparable to that of larger fish. The larvae used 43% of their oxygen consumption for protein synthesis. Nevertheless, protein synthesis costs were close to theoretical minima. Therefore, the high growth rates of catfish yolk-sac larvae seem to be possible through minimisation of the costs of protein synthesis. These low costs are associated with high rates of protein synthesis (138%protein weight day^-1), and elevated RNA concentrations (107 µg RNA mg^-1protein), which together suggest very high RNA efficiencies (12.9 g protein synthesized g^-1RNA day^-1).     

14C-glucose injection in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, metabolic responses and excretion via the gill membrane

In the present study cod were separately placed in fish metabolic chambers. Ten individuals were injected with a dose of 1 μCi ¹⁴C-glucose, in addition to 1 g pure glucose per kg live weight, and 10 individuals were kept under the same conditions and sham injected with 9 g L⁻¹ (0.9%) sterile saline solution.
Of the injected ¹⁴C-glucose, 3% was recovered in plasma, 2.9% in liver, 1.7% in red muscle, 18.2% in white muscle, 0.2% in heart, 1.9% in gills and 12.1% in gill-surrounding water. Of the 12.1% in gill-surrounding water, 9.1% was found to be in the form of CO₂, leaving 3% to pure glucose and lactate. These results indicate a relatively high production of CO₂ from glucose showing a utilization for energy, and a possible route of excretion of excess glucose via the gill membrane.
Activity of ¹⁴C-glucose on a concentration basis showed in descending order the following organs to be metabolically active in glucose utilization: gills > plasma (as a transporter) > heart > red muscle > liver > white muscle.
Of the total amount of ¹⁴C-glucose injected, only 0.3% was recovered in the liver lipid fraction, and mainly as triacylglyceroles; minor ¹⁴C-activity was found in mono- and diacylglyceroles and free fatty acids. These results show very low activity of de novo syntheses of lipid from injected glucose in the cod.     

Effect of dietary protein levels on growth of Penaeus stylirostris juveniles

The shrimp Penaeus stylirostris is currently produced on a commercial scale in Tahiti and New Caledonia. Both super-intensive (80 animals m⁻²) and semi intensive (25 m⁻²) systems are promoted. Locally produced commercial feed contains 380–400 g kg⁻¹ crude protein (CP) without special consideration for environmental impact. The need for a 'low pollution' diet implies reconsideration of the optimum dietary protein level for this species. Under experimental conditions, six isoenergetic practical diets ranging from 270 g kg⁻¹ to 440 g kg⁻¹ CP were formulated and fed to satiation for 30 days to juvenile P. stylirostris ; average growth rates were between 5.5 and 7.5 g per month with survival rates > 90%.
The lowest protein levels 270–310 g kg⁻¹, gave significantly ( P < 0.05) poorer growth (5.5 g per 30 days) than was observed with 330–430 g kg⁻¹ CP; 330 g kg⁻¹ CP may be recommended, and as it is lower than levels in diets used currently, there is a possibility of reducing nitrogenous waste. In addition to growth response, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and food conversion (feed/gain) all supported a recommended dietary protein level of 330 g kg⁻¹. Future prospects for practical feeds with even lower CP levels are considered.     

Dietary protein/energy ratios for Atlantic salmon in relation to fish size: growth, feed utilization and slaughter quality

Four extruded diets differing in protein/fat concentrations, 378/389 g kg^?1, 425/346 g kg^?1, 480/308 g kg^?1 and 524/256 g kg^?1 were tested in a digestibility trial and a growth study. Apparent digestibility of protein and fat were not significantly different among the diets when tested in 1-kg Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in sea water. The diets represented a range of digestible protein to digestible energy ratios (DP/DE ratios) of 14.1, 16.4, 18.8 and 21.9 g MJ^?1. The 138-day growth study was performed with triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon of 1.0 and 2.5 kg initial weight. Irrespective of size; growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), nitrogen and energy retention were poorer in fish fed the diet with DP/DE ratio of 14.1 g MJ^?1 compared with the fish fed the other diets. A DP/DE ratio of 16.4 g MJ^?1 was sufficient to produce maximum growth for the large fish, while the DP/DE ratio of 18.8 g MJ^?1 produced the highest growth in the small fish. In the large fish, the lowest FCR was obtained on a DP/DE ratio of 16.4 g MJ^?1, while there was no clear difference in FCR within the small fish when diets of DP/DE ratios of 16.4–21.9 g MJ^?1 were fed. The carcass-to-body ratio in the small fish decreased with decreasing DP/DE ratios. The fish fed the diet of 21.9 g MJ^?1 had significantly lower fat and dry matter and higher protein content than fish of similar size fed the other diets. Increased dietary lipid content seemed to improve astaxanthin deposition in the small fish, while the large fish showed no significant differences in astaxanthin deposition due to dietary treatment. This study indicates that a DP/DE ratio of 14.1 g MJ^?1 in high-energy diets for Atlantic salmon in sea water is below the optimal DP/DE ratio for growth and feed utilization, and that the optimal DP/DE ratio decreases with increasing fish weight. DP/DE ratios around 19 g MJ^?1 for fish weighing 1 to 2.5 kg, and 16–17 g MJ^?1 for fish weighing 2.5 to 5 kg, are suggested to be optimal.     

鳗鱼浮性颗粒饲料的初步试验

本次试验得到的鳗鱼浮性颗粒,其较适配制条件为:(1)用膨化机制造鳗鱼浮性颗粒饲料;(2)利用小麦或玉米淀粉在一定条件下的膨化特性作粘结剂;(3)淀粉含量为26.5～46%;(4)含水量为25.5～29%;(5)加工温度为126～140℃;(6)脂肪含量4.3%。     

水解单宁对暗纹东方鲀摄食偏好、消化代谢和抗氧化能力的效应

为了解菜粕替代鱼粉后单宁的作用,配制4组等氮等能饲料饲喂初重(39.84±3.09) g的暗纹东方鲀8周。以含43%鱼粉的实用基础饲料T0为对照;另设置3个不同的鱼粉用量组,用酪蛋白平衡蛋白质含量,并添加0.25%(T1)、0.75%(T2)和1.25%(T3)的水解单宁,使酪蛋白:水解单宁≈菜粕中蛋白含量:菜粕中单宁含量=16.8∶1。结果显示,随饲料中水解单宁添加量的增加,增重率呈上升趋势,饲料系数显著下降;肌肉粗脂肪含量T2组显著高于T0及T1组,对照组氨基酸水平显著高于其他组。肝脏抗氧化指标中,T0组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著低于其他组,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)则显著高于其他组,T3组丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于其他组。血清抗氧化指标中,3个单宁组MDA含量均显著高于对照组,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著下降。随饲料中水解单宁添加量的增加,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性先升后降,与肝脏中趋势一致;T1组白蛋白(ALB)含量高于T0及T3组,显著高于T2组,T1组总蛋白(TP)含量高于T0组,显著高于T2及T3组。T1及T2组肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于T0组,胃和肠道中的蛋白酶活性随水解单宁添加量的增加显著上升,胃脂肪酶活性显著下降。T3组苦味受体T2R1表达量在舌尖和肠道均显著高于对照组;肝脏热休克蛋白HSP70表达量T0组显著高于T3;摄食偏好实验中,驯化前暗纹东方鲀摄食偏好随水解单宁添加量的增加显著下降,驯化8周后,4组实验鱼对T2饲料的偏好程度均显著高于T0,T0饲料高于T1和T3组。研究表明,添加1.25%及以下水解单宁对暗纹东方鲀生长无负面影响,一定程度上对饲料有节约作用;添加水解单宁会改变鱼体对蛋白质、脂肪和糖类的消化及蛋白质合成代谢,添加量在1.25%时会损伤抗氧化能力和抗应激能力;用含有水解单宁的饲料驯化暗纹东方鲀可显著提高其对水解单宁添加量为0.75%的饲料的偏好程度,并提高对苦味的接受能力。     

Protective immune responses of recombinant outer membrane proteins OmpF and OmpK of Aeromonas hydrophila in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

Outer membrane proteins (Omps) of Gram‐negative bacteria have been proven to be efficient subunit vaccines against bacteriosis. In this study, OmpF and OmpK of Aeromonas hydrophila were expressed, and their immune protective effects in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) were evaluated. The genomic DNA of A. hydrophila 322A was used as a template, and two kinds of prokaryotic expression plasmids, pET‐32a‐OmpF and pET‐32a‐OmpK, were constructed. Recombinant OmpF protein (r‐OmpF) and r‐OmpK were purified and were proven to have antigenicity by Western‐blot analysis. r‐OmpF and r‐OmpK were used as immunogens to immunize European eel by intraperitoneal injection. The mRNA expression of 6 immune‐related genes (IgM, IL‐10, IRF3, IRF7, LysG4 and HexB) in the liver tissues of eels at 1 hr, 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, 72 hr and 10 days postimmunization was analysed by real‐time PCR. At 30 dpi, the serum antibody response was measured by ELISA. Fish were attacked at 15 dpi by live 322A to assess the protective immunity of r‐OmpF and r‐OmpK. All the six tested genes responded to r‐OmpF or r‐OmpK vaccination at varying degrees. The serum antibody titre of r‐OmpF‐ and r‐OmpK‐immunized groups was 1:1,600 and 1:3,200 respectively. In addition, r‐OmpF gave 35.5% of the relative immune protection rate to European eels, while r‐OmpK gave 70.0%. By analysing the protective immunity and the regulatory role in the immune‐related gene expression of the two recombinant proteins that were studied, it was found that r‐OmpK was a potential vaccine candidate against A. hydrophila.     

卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的研究

为了评估卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)配合饲料中酶解鱼浆蛋白和陆生复合蛋白替代鱼粉的可行性,本研究设计了4种等蛋(42%)等脂(12%)配合饲料(D1~D4),其中,D1(对照组)含30%鱼粉,D2~D4(处理组)都含14%陆生复合蛋白且还分别含有16%、11%、6%鱼粉和0、5%、10%酶解鱼浆蛋白;各处理组都补充蛋氨酸和赖氨酸。将360尾初始体重为(7.28±0.10) g的卵形鲳鲹幼鱼随机分配到12个海上网箱中,每个网箱30尾鱼,每种饲料设3个网箱。将鱼以上述4种饲料饲养62 d后,测定其生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、肠道消化酶活性与组织抗氧化指标。结果显示,各实验组鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FC)、胃蛋白酶(PEP)、脂肪酶(LPS)和淀粉酶(AMS)活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。D3和D4组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于D1和D2组,D4组鱼肌肉脂肪含量显著低于D1~D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组鱼血清谷草转氨酶(AST)及D2和D3组鱼谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性都显著低于D1组(P<0.05),D1和D4组血清总蛋白(TP)和球蛋白(GLO)水平显著高于D2和D3组(P<0.05);D2~D4组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05),且肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量低于D1组(P<0.05)。研究表明,含6%鱼粉的D4组鱼的生长性能与30%鱼粉D1组无差异,且全鱼蛋白含量及肝脏和肌肉抗氧化能力显著提高,说明14%陆生复合蛋白配合10%酶解鱼浆蛋白可有效替代卵形鲳鲹饲料中80%鱼粉,使饲料鱼粉使用量低至6%。本研究是首次探讨酶解鱼浆蛋白在卵形鲳鲹配合饲料中应用的可行性,结果可为研发高效低成本配合饲料提供参考依据。     

外源茉莉酸和真菌激发子诱导白菜CaMBP10的表达

 Recently,CaMBP10 was identified as a plant lipid transfer protein(LTP).In the study,four leaves old cabbages were treated with exogenous jasmonic acid(JA),JA plus LTP,fungal elicitor,200 mmol/L NaCl and 20% PEG respectively for understanding the functions of CaMBP10 in vivo.The expression of CaMBP10 was determined by using semi-quantitative RT-PCR.The results showed that the expressions of CaMBP10 were dramatically up-regulated in different levels under indicated conditions.It demonstrated that CaMBP10 was involved in biotic and abiotic stress response.