电针复合静松灵麻醉对山羊痛阈及生理生化的影响

 【目的】了解电针复合静松灵麻醉对山羊麻醉痛阈值及生理生化指标的影响。【方法】30只成年杂交山羊,体重22—27 kg,随机分为0.5 mg•kg-1静松灵组、2 mg•kg-1静松灵组、电针复合0.5 mg•kg-1静松灵组、电针组和空白对照组,每组6只,公母各半。分别在给药后0、5、25、45、65和85 min（单纯药物组）,或电针后0、25、45、65、85、105 min（电针组或电针复合药物组）采用钾离子透入法测定痛阈值,并测定呼吸频率、心率、平均股动脉压、体温等生理指标,于试验前及试验后1.5、24、48、96和168 h,采集山羊血液分别测定丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性、血清尿素含量、血糖含量、皮质醇含量等指标。【结果】电针复合0.5 mg•kg-1静松灵组山羊的痛阈在给药后显著高于单纯电针组和0.5 mg•kg-1静松灵组（P＜0.05）,而与2 mg•kg-1静松灵组无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;电针复合0.5 mg•kg-1静松灵组山羊的呼吸频率、平均股动脉压、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性以及血清葡萄糖、尿素和皮质醇含量与对照组无显著差异（P＞0.05）,而0.5 mg•kg-1静松灵组与2 mg•kg-1静松灵组山羊天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性及血清葡萄糖、尿素或皮质醇含量与对照组差异显著（P＜0.05）;电针复合0.5 mg•kg-1静松灵对山羊的心率、体温和丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性的影响显著低于0.5 mg•kg-1或2 mg•kg-1静松灵（P＜0.05）。【结论】山羊电针复合静松灵麻醉痛阈值高,麻醉效果较好,生理生化指标干扰小。     

微肥与生长调节剂对延后栽培‘红地球’葡萄果实发育及品质的影响

以2年生日光温室延后栽培的‘红地球’葡萄植株为试材,通过在葡萄生长期使用3种微肥(包果优1 000倍液、包果良500倍液、苞果(707)500倍液)进行叶面喷施,研究微肥对葡萄坐果率、果实生长和果实品质的影响;在疏穗定果后使用红提大宝和奇宝2种果形剂进行蘸穗处理,研究生长调节剂对果实生长以及果实品质的影响.结果表明:3种微肥均可以显著提高延后栽培‘红地球’葡萄的坐果率、促进果实生长、增大果粒及提高果实品质,其中以包果优1 000倍液应用效果最好;‘红地球’葡萄果粒横径为5mm时,用红提大宝和奇宝进行蘸穗处理,也可以增大果粒、提高果实品质,其中,以红提大宝应用效果最好.     

EFFECTS OF ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL ON NORMAL CANINE BRAIN UPTAKE OF 18F‐FDG ASSESSED BY PET/CT

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of four anesthetic protocols on normal canine brain uptake of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[¹⁸F]fluoro‐d ‐glucose (FDG) using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Five clinically normal beagle dogs were anesthetized with (1) propofol/isoflurane, (2) medetomidine/pentobarbital, (3) xylazine/ketamine, and (4) medetomidine/tiletamine–zolazepam in a randomized cross‐over design. The standard uptake value (SUV) of FDG was obtained in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, cerebellum, brainstem and whole brain, and compared within and between anesthetic protocols using the Friedman test with significance set at P<0.05. Significant differences in SUVs were observed in various part of the brain associated with each anesthetic protocol. The SUV for the frontal and occipital lobes was significantly higher than in the brainstem in all dogs. Dogs receiving medetomidine/tiletamine–zolazepam also had significantly higher whole brain SUVs than the propofol/isoflurane group. We concluded that each anesthetic protocol exerted a different regional brain glucose uptake pattern. As a result, when comparing brain glucose uptake using PET/CT, one should consider the effects of anesthetic protocols on different regions of the glucose uptake in the dog's brain.     

Effect of sub-anesthetic xylazine and ketamine ('ketamine stun') administered to calves immediately prior to castration

ObjectiveTo describe the pharmacokinetics, cortisol response and behavioral changes associated with administration of sub-anesthetic xylazine and ketamine prior to castration.Study designProspective, randomized experiment.AnimalsTwenty-two male beef calves (260-310 kg).MethodsCalves were randomly assigned to receive the following treatment immediately prior to surgical or simulated castration; 1) uncastrated, placebo-treated control (CONT) (n = 4), 2) Castrated, placebo treated control (CAST) (n = 6), 3) castrated with intravenous xylazine (X) (0.05 mg kg^?1) (n = 6), and 4) castrated with IV xylazine (X) (0.05 mg kg^?1) combined with ketamine (K) (0.1 mg kg^?1) (n = 6). Blood samples collected over 10 hours post-castration were analyzed by LC-MS-MS for drug concentrations and chemiluminescent immunoassay for cortisol determination.ResultsDrug concentrations during the first 60 minutes post-castration fit a one-compartment open model with first-order elimination. The harmonic mean elimination half-lives (± pseudo SD) for X, X with K and K were 12.9 ± 1.2, 11.2 ± 3.1 and 10.6 ± 2.8 minutes, respectively. The proportion of the total area under the effect curve (AUEC) for cortisol during this period was significantly lower in the X group (13 ± 3%; p = 0.006) and the X+K group (14 ± 2%; p = 0.016) compared with the CAST calves (21 ± 2%). However, after 300 minutes the AUEC in the X group was higher than CAST. Significantly more calves demonstrated attitude that was unchanged from pre-manipulation behavior in the CONT (p = 0.021) and X+K treated calves (p = 0.0051) compared with the CAST calves.ConclusionsBehavioral changes and lower serum cortisol concentrations during the first 60 minutes post-castration were associated with quantifiable xylazine and ketamine concentrations.Clinical relevanceLow doses of xylazine and ketamine administered immediately prior to castration may offer a safe, efficacious and cost-effective systemically administered alternative or adjunct to local anesthesia.     

RESEARCH PAPER: Comparison of an implantable telemetry device and an oscillometric monitor for measurement of blood pressure in anaesthetized and unrestrained green iguanas (Iguana iguana)

Objective The objective of this study was to compare an implanted direct blood pressure monitor and a non‐invasive oscillometric unit for use in anesthetized and awake green iguanas. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Four male and four female adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana) weighing 1833 ± 534 g. Methods For each animal, the carotid artery was surgically exposed and the catheter tip of the pressure transducer was placed in the aortic arch. Non‐invasive blood pressure was measured using a cuff over the left femoral region. Pulse rate, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurements were taken every 5 minutes. Direct ABP measurements consisted of recording numerical values and graphic output. Simultaneous direct and indirect measurements were repeated in awake animals. Results The oscillometric device failed to provide a reading in over 80% of attempts, and failed to provide readings that correlated with direct measurements. The implanted direct transducer was capable of detecting blood pressures throughout all ABP ranges examined. Conclusions The implantable transducer was a reliable means of determining blood pressure in this study, while the oscillometric device was unreliable and often failed to provide any reading. Clinical relevance We do not recommend using the oscillometric device as described in a research or clinical setting for green iguanas. The advantages of an implantable device include the ability to monitor awake and anesthetized subjects remotely and continuously. These monitors are small, biocompatible and function across a wide range of ABP.     

Potential risks,prognostic indicators,and diagnostic and treatment modalities affecting survival in dogs with presumptive aspiration pneumonia: 125 cases (2005–2008)

Objective – To evaluate a clinical population of dogs diagnosed with presumptive aspiration pneumonia (AP) and determine diagnostic and treatment modalities contributing to survival. Design – Retrospective study. Setting – A university veterinary teaching hospital in an urban setting. Animals – One hundred and twenty‐five dogs with presumed AP treated from 2005 to 2008. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – Dogs with presumptive AP identified by a review of medical records had an overall survival of 81.6% (102/125). Male large‐breed dogs (mean 24.9 kg; 82/125) were overrepresented and were more likely to develop AP in this study population. Recent anesthesia had been performed in 16% (20/125), and vomiting was reported in 64% (80/125). The most common radiographic findings were a predominantly alveolar pattern (187/272, [68.8%] total lung lobes) in the right middle lung lobe (80/115, [69.6%]). A mean of 2 lung lobes were involved radiographically, and the relationship between survival and the number of lung lobes affected was statistically significant (P=0.04). Neutrophilia with a left shift was common with no significant change on consecutive daily evaluations. The mean PaO₂ was 77.7 mm Hg (SD, 17.5 mm Hg) (range, 40.7–100 mm Hg) with a median alveolar‐arterial gradient of 41.1 mm Hg (range, 8.1–81.8 mm Hg). In this study population, 37.6% (47/125) of dogs had microbial cultures performed and of these, 76.6% (36/47) were positive for growth; Escherichia coli (38.8%), Mycoplasma spp. (21.3%), Pasturella spp. (19.1%), and Staphylococcus spp. (17%) were the most common isolates in either single or multiagent infections. No treatment modality was statistically associated with increased survival. Colloid therapy was a negative prognostic indicator. Conclusions – In this study the overall prognosis for AP was good. Patients with only 1 affected lung lobe appeared more likely to survive. Supportive treatment modalities are warranted for the hospitalized patient, although no individual treatment method was found to be clearly superior to others.     

陆眠宁Ⅰ麻醉麋鹿不良反应观察及护理

介绍了昆明动物园2013年麋鹿麻醉锯茸出现不良反应后的观察及治疗期间的护理,使2只麋鹿完全康复的过程。锯茸使用的麻醉药物陆眠宁Ⅰ在对麋鹿麻醉时出现胃肠迟缓、酸中毒等不良反应,通过积极配合兽医治疗,加强观察、护理,缓解并发症状,使动物完全康复。     

A systematic review of the effects of injectable sedative and anesthetic drugs and inhalant anesthetics on intraocular pressure in the dog

ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the results of studies that have determined the effect of injectable and inhalant drugs used in anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs.Databases usedA comprehensive search of research literature was performed without language restriction. The search utilized the PubMed, CAB Abstracts and the University of Georgia’s Galileo electronic databases using a combination of free text terms ‘Ophthalmology’, ‘Intraocular Pressure’, ‘Anesthetic’, ‘Anesthesia’, ‘Canine’ or ‘Dog’. The time frame searched was from 1970 to October 2018. Any published research paper that dealt with sedatives or anesthetics administered systemically and the canine eye was evaluated.ConclusionsThe effects of many anesthetic drugs in dogs with ocular pathology are largely unknown. Many anesthetic drugs do not induce clinically relevant changes in IOP in dogs with normal eyes, although some studies demonstrated results with statistically significant changes. The dose, route of administration, experimental conditions, drug combinations, timing of measurements, measurement technology and setting or individual animal characteristics may all produce some heterogeneity in results from multiple studies.     

Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in sevoflurane-anesthetized cats

ObjectiveTo estimate the pharmacokinetics of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam after midazolam administration as an intravenous bolus in sevoflurane-anesthetized cats.Study designProspective pharmacokinetic study.AnimalsA group of six healthy adult, female domestic cats.MethodsAnesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane. After 30 minutes of anesthetic equilibration, cats were administered midazolam (0.3 mg kg^–1) over 15 seconds. Venous blood was collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 45, 90, 180 and 360 minutes after administration. Plasma concentrations for midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R), rectal temperature, noninvasive mean arterial pressure (MAP) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO₂) were recorded at 5 minute intervals. Population compartment models were fitted to the time–plasma midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam concentrations using nonlinear mixed effect modeling.ResultsThe pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the data from five cats, as 1-hydroxymidazolam was not detected in one cat. A five-compartment model best fitted the data. Typical values (% interindividual variability where estimated) for the volumes of distribution for midazolam (three compartments) and hydroxymidazolam (two compartments) were 117 (14), 286 (10), 705 (14), 53 (36) and 334 mL kg^–1, respectively. Midazolam clearance to 1-hydroxymidazolam, midazolam fast and slow intercompartmental clearances, 1-hydroxymidazolam clearance and 1-hydroxymidazolam intercompartment clearance were 18.3, 63.5 (15), 22.1 (8), 1.7 (67) and 3.8 mL minute^–1 kg^–1, respectively. No significant changes in HR, MAP, f_R or Pe′CO₂ were observed following midazolam administration.Conclusion and clinical relevanceIn sevoflurane-anesthetized cats, a five-compartment model best fitted the midazolam pharamacokinetic profile. There was a high interindividual variability in the plasma 1-hydroxymidazolam concentrations, and this metabolite had a low clearance and persisted in the plasma for longer than the parent drug. Midazolam administration did not result in clinically significant changes in physiologic variables.     

Development of a lateral ultrasound-guided approach for the proximal radial,ulnar, median and musculocutaneous (RUMM) nerve block in cats

ObjectiveTo describe a lateral ultrasound (US)-guided approach to the radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous (RUMM) nerves through a single proximal in-plane insertion in cats and to determine whether one or two injection points are required to successfully stain all the target nerves.Study designProspective study.AnimalsA total of eight client-owned healthy cats and 12 cat cadavers.MethodsIn live cats, the US anatomy of the brachium, the landmarks and the site for needle accesses were determined. Then, 12 thawed feline cadavers were used to assess the spread of dye solution and nerve staining following the US-guided proximal-lateral-humeral RUMM injection using one and two injection points. Each cadaver was injected with 0.15 mL kg^–1 of a 0.25% new methylene blue solution in either a single injection aimed for the radial nerve of one limb (G1) or via two sites delivering 0.1 mL kg^–1 and 0.05 mL kg^–1 aimed for the radial and musculocutaneous nerves of the opposite limb, respectively (G2). Upon dissection, staining of the target nerves around their circumference for length of >1 cm was considered successful.ResultsSonoanatomy was consistent with anatomy upon dissection and target nerves were identified in all cadavers. Staining was 100% successful for the radial, median and ulnar nerves in both groups, and 41.7% and 100% for the musculocutaneous nerve in G1 and G2, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThis novel lateral US-guided approach for the proximal RUMM nerve block allowed a good identification of the nerves and related structures, and it provided a consistent muscular structure through which the needle could be easily guided. An injection performed in two aliquots (within the caudal and cranial compartments of the neurovascular sheath) appeared to be necessary to successfully stain all the target nerves.