A review of ophthalmic local and regional anesthesia in dogs and cats

Objective

Orbital and globe surgeries are commonly performed in companion animals and are considered to cause moderate to severe pain. Regional anesthesia techniques can provide complete sensory blockade, analgesia for painful procedures and improve surgical conditions. The purpose of this review is to summarize local and regional anesthesia techniques for ophthalmic surgery in dogs and cats with emphasis on veterinary publications in the past 12 years.

The bioequivalence of a single intravenous administration of the anesthetic alfaxalone in cyclodextrin versus alfaxalone in cyclodextrin plus preservatives in cats

To demonstrate the bioequivalence of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin (Reference Product) to a formulation of alfaxalone in cyclodextrin also containing the preservatives ethanol, chlorocresol, and benzethonium chloride (Test Product) when administered for the purpose of inducing anesthesia in the cat. Blinded, single‐dose, randomized, two‐period, two‐sequence, cross‐over bioequivalence study with a 7‐day washout period between treatments. Twenty‐four (12 neutered males and 12 intact females), healthy, adult cats weighing 4.1±0.9 kg. Cats were administered 5 mg/kg IV of alfaxalone in the Reference or Test Product using a randomized cross‐over design. One‐milliliter venous blood samples were collected at predetermined time points to 12 hr after drug administration to determine alfaxalone plasma concentration over time. Alfaxalone concentrations were determined by a validated analytical testing method using HPLC‐MS/MS. Plasma profiles of alfaxalone concentration against time were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. The pivotal variables for bioequivalence were AUC_last and C_max. Equivalence was achieved if the 90% confidence interval for AUC_last and C_max fell into the asymmetric ±20% interval (0.80–1.25). Physiological variables, quality of anesthesia visual analog scale (VAS) scoring and anesthetic event times were recorded. ANOVA or ANCOVA (single time point), RMANOVA or RMANCOVA (multiple time point) was used for normally distributed data. GLIMMIX was used for nonnormally distributed data. VAS scores were analyzed as for blood bioequivalence data. Variables were evaluated for safety and assessed at alpha = 0.10. C_max and AUC_last for Reference and Test Products were statistically bioequivalent. No physiological variables except for a drug by time interaction for respiratory rate differed between treatment groups, and this difference was not clinically relevant. No anesthetic event times or VAS scores for quality of anesthesia were different between treatment groups. Neither formulation caused pain upon injection. The Reference and Test Products are pharmaceutically bioequivalent formulations when administered as a single intravenous administration for the purpose of induction of anesthesia in cats.     

Cardiopulmonary effects and recovery characteristics of horses anesthetized with xylazine–ketamine with midazolam or propofol

Objective

To evaluate cardiopulmonary and recovery characteristics of horses administered total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with xylazine and ketamine combined with midazolam or propofol.

戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛对猪的全身麻醉

用戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛共麻醉青年母猪64头,观测了麻醉前后猪体温、呼吸和心跳变化及其诱导期、麻醉期和苏醒时间。戊巴比妥钠麻猪后30min,猪体温、呼吸和心跳变化分别为-0.7℃、-2.0次/min、 0.9次/min,水合氯醛麻猪后30rain,猪体温、呼吸和心跳变化:分别为-0.9℃、-3.6次/min、-15.4次/min,戊巴比妥钠麻猪诱导期短,苏醒较快,无后遗症,不需要麻醉前给药,可单独作为猪全身麻醉的理想用药。     

小动物麻醉药物及麻醉技术研究进展

随着人们生活水平的提高,家庭饲养小动物日益增多,动物园中观赏性小动物也在增多.小动物饲养数量的增长,导致小动物临床疾病数量的增加.其中相当一部分病例需要进行手术治疗,从而小动物麻醉在疾病治疗中的作用越来越重要.小动物麻醉技术迅速发展,相应的麻醉药物也逐渐更新,为此,对小动物的麻醉药物及麻醉技术的最新进展进行综述,为临床...     

Computed tomographic features of gastric and esophageal content in dogs undergoing CT myelography and factors influencing the presence of esophageal fluid

BackgroundGastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been reported to be a common finding in dogs under general anesthesia.ObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective study was to assess the esophageal and gastric contents in a population of dogs undergoing computed tomographic myelography (myelo-CT) examination and to evaluate the factors influencing the presence of esophageal fluid (gastric content, duration of anesthesia, body position, and intrinsic factors).MethodsEsophageal and gastric contents of 83 non-brachycephalic dogs were retrospectively assessed based on plain and myelo-CT scans. Age, weight, breed, sex, and the time between the 2 computed tomography [CT] scans were included.ResultsEsophageal fluid was present in 19% (16/83) of the animals, and 14% (12/83) and 46% (37/83), respectively, had fluid or food material in their stomachs. The frequency of observing esophageal fluid on myelo-CT scans was significantly increased compared with plain CT scans (p = 0.006). The presence of gastric fluid was significantly associated with an increased frequency of observing esophageal fluid compared to other gastric contents (p = 0.049; odds ratio, 3.1). The presence of esophageal fluid was not correlated with alimentary gastric contents (p = 0.17). Increased body weight and duration of anesthesia were significantly associated with an increased frequency of observing esophageal fluid (p = 0.022, p = 0.021).ConclusionsUnlike alimentary gastric contents, fluid gastric contents were correlated with the presence of esophageal fluid upon myelo-CT. The observation of fluid in the esophagus may be consistent with GER. This study provides data additional to pH monitoring studies of GER and may support previous studies recommending shorter pre-anesthetic fasting periods in dogs.     

稀有鮈鲫麻醉方法的研究

在室养条件下观察了MS-222、苯佐卡因和乌拉坦对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)的麻醉效果。结果表明,乌拉坦不宜作为稀有鮈鲫的麻醉剂,而一定浓度的MS-222或苯佐卡因可导致稀有鮈鲫的快速麻醉;不同麻醉剂浓度、不同的作用时间下,稀有鮈鲫在行为上呈现不同的反应,据此可分为轻度镇静、深度镇静、轻度麻醉、中度麻醉、深度麻醉和髓质麻醉阶段;根据反应时间、恢复时间、维持时间和存活率等,建议使用60mg/L的苯佐卡因或100～110mg/L的MS-222作为深度麻醉剂量。