Assessment of EST- and genomic microsatellite markers for variety discrimination and genetic diversity studies in wheat

It is likely that in the near future sequence information from sequencing programmes and EST libraries will generate an abundance of genic microsatellite markers. This study is focused on the assessment of their likely impact and performance vis-à-vis their genomic counterparts. Microsatellites from two sources were used to assess the genetic diversity in 56 old and new varieties of bread wheat on the UK Recommended List. A set of 12 microsatellite markers generated from genomic libraries and 20 expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived microsatellites were used in the study, and the performance of both marker sets assessed. The EST-derived or genic microsatellites delivered fingerprints of superior quality, amplifying clear products with few stutter bands. Diversity levels as revealed bygenic microsatellites are similar to the few published results. The PIC values for the genic markers were generally lower than those calculated for the genomic microsatellites, though advantages of both marker classes for variety identification applications are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isozyme studies of genetic diversity and evolution in Hippophae

Summary To provide information on the genetic variation, differentiation and evolution in Hippophae seed samples of 25 populations from China, Finland and Russia were electrophoretically analyzed. Of six loci investigated, four were good genetic markers for identifying species and subspecies. The percentages of polymorphic loci per population were 40.3% and 62.5% at 0.95 and 0.99 polymorphic criteria respectively. The mean number of alleles per locus per population was 2.1. Total genetic diversity in the material was 0.4614. Genetic diversity partitioning showed that there was a large amount of diversity residing within geographical populations (0.1354), between subspecies within species (0.1046) and between species (0.2566) but not between geographical populations (0.0114). There were nearly twice as many negative fixation indices as positive ones in Hippophae populations. The phylogenetic tree agreed very well with botanic classifications of the species and subspecies and their geographical distributions, and quantitatively presented the genetic relationships of 25 populations. A detailed view of the evolutionary stages in Hippophae showed clearly a general decline of similarity as evolutionary divergence continued, which further explained the evolution process in Hippophae.     

Agronomical,quality, and molecular characterization of twenty Italian emmer wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccon</Emphasis>) accessions

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank, 2n = 4x = 28) consists in a hulled wheat; its cultivation has been drastically reduced during the last century as a consequence of its low yield. Recently, its agronomic and nutritive values, as well as the increase of popularity of organic agriculture, have led to a renewed interest making its cultivation economically viable in the marginal lands with an increase of the cultivated areas. In Italy, it mainly survives in few marginal lands of central and southern Italy, where local varieties, adapted to the natural environment from where they originate, are used; moreover, some selected lines have also been developed. In the present work, agro-morphological and qualitative traits, together with molecular analyses of 20 emmer accessions consisting of Italian landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars, were performed. The field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2001/2002–2002/2003) in two locations: Viterbo in central Italy, and Foggia in south Italy. The analyzed emmer wheat accessions showed a good amount of genetic variability for both evaluated agro-morphological and molecular traits. This study illustrates an increase in earliness, GY, TW, TKW, and YI going from landraces, breeding lines to cultivars, while the variability does not change proportionally.     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

玉米杂交种SSR标记纯度鉴定方法研究

以常规种子贮藏蛋白质电泳技术难以鉴定纯度的4个玉米杂交种、21个自交系和9对玉米SSR位点引物为材料,运用SSR分子标记技术分别筛选出适合这些不同杂交种纯度鉴定的SSR位点引物,建立了一套仪器设备要求相对较低、程序简单、较为快速地利用SSR标记进行玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的技术规程,并对利用SSR标记进行玉米杂交种纯度鉴定的可行性进行了分析。     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜RAPD和种皮色素遗传多样性

 以不同遗传背景的 14个甘蓝型黄籽油菜为材料 ,通过分析种皮内色素的种类、色素含量、蛋白质与含油量、RAPD标记等 ,研究了甘蓝型黄籽油菜资源的遗传多样性。结果表明 ,影响种皮色泽的色素主要为黑色素和花色素 ,根据其含量的不同 ,可分为高花色素类、高黑色素类和低色素类等 3个类群。其中 ,高花色素类的种子种皮花色素含量 >2 .5 4mg·g-1DW ,种子呈纯黄或橙黄色 ;高黑色素类种子的种皮色素含量 >178.4U(A2 90mm) ,种皮呈浅黑色 ,种子颜色为黑黄色 ;低色素类种子种皮的黑色素和花色素含量均较低 ,种皮半透明 ,种子部分因显现出胚的颜色而呈纯黄、绿黄或褐黄色。种子含油量为 36 .2 %～ 45 .5 %,蛋白质含量达 2 1.1%～ 2 7.7%,二者呈极显著负相关。对RAPD扩增结果进行UPGMA分析 ,发现甘蓝型黄籽油菜DNA存在着丰富的多态性 ,遗传相似系数为0 .2 5～ 0 .90 9,14个甘蓝型黄籽油菜材料可被划分为 2个类群。     

3个小麦重组自交系群体抗赤霉病QTLs的SSR分析

 对3个重组自交系群体(RILs)苏麦3号/Alondra F_7、望水白/Alondra F_8、894037/Alondra F_8进行SSR分析,用单个标记方差及回归分析方法,结合接种鉴定资料,寻找与抗赤霉病性有关的的SSR分子标记。结果显示,在这3个抗病亲本的3B染色体上都存在一个主效抗赤霉病QTL,分别能解释2.6％～6.7％(苏麦3号)、47.4％(894037)、8.9％～27.0％(望水白)的抗性表型变异。在其它一些染色体上也发现一些微效QTLs,如2D、4B、4D、7A、6B染色体上,其中存在于4B染色体上的一个QTL来源于感病品种Alondra。在望水白/Alondra F_8群体中检测到了1个存在于2D染色体的抗赤霉病QTL,来源于抗病品种望水白,而在894037/Alondra F_8群体上检测到的1个存在于2D染色体的抗赤霉病QTL,则来源于感病品种Alondra,对其真实性将进一步研究。     

利用SSR和ISSR标记技术构建西瓜分子遗传图谱

为了促进西瓜饱和遗传图谱的构建、重要农艺性状的QTL分析以及以图谱为基础的克隆,利用可溶性固形物含量高、皮薄、感枯萎病的栽培西瓜自交系97103和可溶性固形物含量低、皮厚、抗病的野生西瓜种质P1296341为亲本,获得F8的重组自交系群体,通过16个SSR引物对和5个ISSR引物对该群体进行扩增,建立了一个包括38个SSR标记和10个ISSR标记组成的分子图谱,该图谱总长558．1cM,平均图距为11．9cM。     

利用SSR标记研究玉米自交系的遗传变异

 利用 SSR标记研究了 2 1个玉米 ( Zea mays L.)自交系的遗传变异 ,初步进行了杂种优势群划分。从 69对 SSR引物中筛选出 43对扩增产物具有稳定多态性的引物。43对引物在供试材料中共检测出 1 2 7个等位基因变异 ,每对引物检测等位基因 2～ 7个 ,平均为 2 .95个 ;平均多态性信息量为 0 .51 1。 2 1个自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围为 0 .480～ 0 .768,平均为0 .62 7。 UPGMA聚类分析结果表明 ,供试自交系可分为两个类群。黄早四自成一群 ;其余 2 0个自交系又分为 5个亚群。生产上利用的高产杂交组合的亲本均属于不同的类群 (亚群 ) ,而在类群 (亚群 )内未发现高产组合。研究发现 8对具有较高多态性信息量的引物 ,利用这些引物可以对供试材料进行初步鉴定。研究表明 ,利用 SSR标记可以进行玉米自交系遗传变异分析 ,并用于杂种优势群划分     

DNA分子标记技术在食用菌研究中的应用及进展

根据近年来国内外的文献报道,对DNA分子标记技术在食用菌遗传育种、菌种和菌株鉴定、遗传多样性分析、基因定位和克隆等研究中的应用及进展进行了综述和分析.认为随着分子生物学技术的进一步发展,将有更多、更有效的分子标记在食用菌研究中得以应用,同时随着分子标记技术应用的深入,更高密度、更为实用有效的遗传连锁图谱将被建立,大量重要的功能基因将被定位和克隆,这将为进一步培育高产、优质、抗病、耐贮等食用菌新品种奠定良好的基础.