Segregation of 12 isozyme genes among doubled haploid lines derived from a japonica x indica cross of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The segregation of 12 heterozygous isozyme markers was analyzed among F₂ plants and 51 anther culture (AC)-derived lines obtained from the japonica × indica cross of rice, IRAT 177 × Apura. All the lines except two were homozygous products of recombination of the two parental phenotypes. Doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from plants regenerated from the same callus were identical, confirming previously obtained results in rice. Surprisingly, some lines derived from different calli were also identical, suggesting a phenomenon of early callus fragmentation. All these observations at the isozyme level were confirmed by field evaluation. Deviations of segregations from the expected 1 : 1 ratio were observed at 4 loci among the DH lines. Among these, two were also noted among the F₂ plants. The two other distortions, both in favor of the japonica allele, were observed specifically in the AC-derived materials.Although this concerns a small proportion of the genes under study, it suggests that the embryogenic microsporal population does not represent a random gametic array. On the other hand, evaluation of recombination between isozyme genes located on chromosome 6 appears consistent with F₂ data and data previously recorded on the other japonica × indica crosses. The potential use of isozymes in breeding doubled haploids derived from remote crosses in rice is discussed.Abbreviations MCPA = 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid - IAA = indolacetic acid - AC plant or line = anther culture-derived plant or line - DH line = doubled haploid line     

RAPD markers for discriminating tea germplasms at the inter-specific level in China

For the discrimination of tea germplasms at the inter‐specific level, four tea species and varieties (Camellia sinensis, C. sinensis var. assamica, C. sinensis var. pubilimba, C. sinensis var. kucha) and their 20 wild allied species (C. sp.) preserved in the China National Germplasm Tea Repositories (CNGTR) were investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Fifteen primers were chosen from the 61 screened for RAPD amplification. The average DNA polymorphic frequency of RAPD primers at the inter‐specific level was 0.30, varying from 0.16 to 0.60, lower than that at the intra‐specific level. Using the presence, sometimes absence of unique RAPD markers, it was possible to discriminate 14 of the germplasms investigated. No single primer could discriminate all the 24 germplasms. However, OPO‐13 provided rich band patterns and it could discriminate 10 genotypes. The combination of two and three primers made it possible to discriminate 15 and 21 germplasms, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of band patterns or the DNA fingerprinting based on specific RAPD markers generated by OPO‐13, OPO‐18, OPG‐12 and OPA‐13 allowed the discrimination of all 24 germplasms investigated. Therefore, RAPD markers also provide a powerful tool to differentiate tea germplasms at the inter‐specific level.     

基于表型和基因型的藜麦种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解和掌握青海省引进和收集藜麦种质资源的遗传背景和多样性,本研究选择11个表型性状和221对SSR引物对114份藜麦种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,114份藜麦种质资源的11个表型性状差异极显著（P＜0.01）,变异系数范围为4.57%~87.79%,主穗直径的变异最大（87.79%）,籽粒直径的变异最小（4.57%）;遗传多样性指数范围为0.47~2.29,单株产量的遗传多样性指数最大（2.29）,茎秆长最小（0.47）。46对多态性较好的SSR引物扩增出165条多态性条带,每对引物的平均等位变异数为3.59,观测等位基因（Na）平均值为1.65,有效等位基因（Ne）平均值为1.50,Shannon’s信息指数（I）和Nei’s基因多样性指数（He）平均值分别为0.39和0.27,平均多态性比率为64.35%。通过聚类分析发现,114份藜麦种质基于表型性状和SSR分子标记的聚类结果存在一定的相似和差异,来源地相同的种质被分到了不同的类群,来源地不同的种质被分到了同一类或单独聚成一类,说明参试藜麦种质资源的表型性状和分子遗传信息多样性较丰富。     

Evaluation of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids, in combination with alkanes, as markers in the estimation of the composition of four herbages in mixtures

The objective of the study was to assess if long-chain alcohols (alcohols) and long-chain fatty acids (acids), along with long-chain alkanes, could be useful as markers in estimating the composition of mixtures containing herbages found in the Inner Mongolia typical steppe in China. Four herbage species, Stipa daicalensis , Stipa grandis , Artemisia frigid and Cleistogenes squarrosa , were collected during the growing season to characterize the alcohol and acid profiles of these herbages. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine between-species differences in terms of their patterns of alcohols, acids and alkanes. Results confirmed earlier studies that alcohols and acids with even-numbered carbon chains were predominant and the total concentrations of alcohols or acids were generally higher than those obtained for alkanes. The results of PCA indicated that different marker types provided different discriminatory information. Alcohols and alkanes provided complementary discriminatory information, resulting in the clearest separation between the four species analysed. In choosing which markers to use, the results indicate that using more marker types does not always imply better estimates of the composition of mixtures .     

甘蓝型油菜与萝卜属间杂种的获得及分子鉴定

通过蕾期重复授粉和子房培养克服甘蓝型油菜与萝卜属间杂交障碍，提高杂种获得率。从组合湘油15×萝卜、681A×萝卜和742×萝卜分别获得12、28和18粒种子，前两组合分别得到21和11株F1代植株,而从组合 742×萝卜未得到再生植株。F1植株形态有些相似于母本，有些则不同于双亲。SSR分析显示，由湘油15×萝卜所获得的21株F1植株中有10株是真杂种。     

Application of Molecular Markers in Breeding for Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Summary

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is defined as dry matter yield produced per unit of N supplied and available in the soil. NUE is approximately 33% for cereal production worldwide. Increased cereal NUE must accompany increased yield needed to feed the growing world population. Consequently, continued efforts are needed to include plant selection under low N input which is not often considered a priority by plant breeders. Molecular markers have accelerated plant breeding in a number of areas including biotic (disease and insect) resistance and abiotic (drought, low nitrogen fertilization and frost) tolerance. Marker-based technology has already provided scientists with a powerful approach for identifying and mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) and would lead to the development of a better understanding of genetic phenomena. Two main NUE studies have been discussed. The first study identified QTL for NUE in maize involved the grain yield and secondary morphological traits of interest, such as plant height, ear leaf area, ears per plant and kernels per ear. This was compared with second study of QTL for yield and its components with genes encoding cytolistic gult-amine synthestase and leaf N0₃ ^- content. These secondary traits were correlated with yield and demonstrated segregation with high heritability under low nitrogen conditions. Marker assisted selection (MAS) should be able to offer significant advantages in cases where phenotypic screening is particularly expensive or difficult, including breeding projects involving multiple genes, recessive genes, late expression of the trait of interest, seasonal considerations, or geographical considerations. In addition to reducing costs of conventional breeding, MAS also has the potential to generate time savings. Possibly, the greatest contribution of QTL mapping to plant breeding will be the basic understanding of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, thereby relating specific genetic loci with the biological mechanisms associated with desirable phenotypes.     

菜豆种质资源等位酶标记的研究

收集了黑龙江省 4 3个栽培品种 ,国际热带农业中心 13个半野生品种 ,波兰 4个矮生品种共 6 0个菜豆品种资源 ,应用等位酶标记进行了 10个酶系统检测 ,共获得 2 5个位点 ,多态位点比率为 0 .16 ,其平均遗传距离为 0 .0 5 6 8。采用平均距离法 ,将该品种资源聚成 8大类 ,其中蔓生种占 5类 ,矮生种 2类 ,半野生种 2类。说明蔓生种遗传距离较远 ,可作为育种材料储备种质资源     

基于SNP标记的玉米自交系S155、PHA458和A01的遗传多样性分析

为了分析玉米品种新科891的遗传结构和遗传多样性,本研究利用Affymetrix Axiom 10K SNP芯片对玉米品种新科891的双亲自交系（母本S155、父本PHA458）及自交系A01进行全基因组扫描,获得多态性标记4 926个。结果表明,群体聚类分析和群体遗传结构分析的杂种优势类群划分结果基本一致。母本S155为SS类种质,父本PHA458含有NSS和塘四平头类血缘,自交系A01为塘四平头类血缘,新科891的杂种优势模式为SS×NSS,这为新科891双亲的后续改良与创新奠定基础,并为杂交组配的育种工作提供依据。     

淮安地区主栽小麦品种指纹图谱的构建及遗传多样性分析

利用分布在小麦42条染色体上的86对SSR引物,对24份淮安地区主栽小麦品种(系)基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果发现,86对SSR引物中有26对引物在24份材料之间具有稳定的多态性。利用这26对SSR引物所检测出的124个等位基因对24份淮安地区小麦主栽品种(系)进行遗传相似性分析,并在26对引物中选择其中6对多态性好、扩增带型清晰的SSR引物构建24份小麦品种(系)的指纹图谱。6对SSR引物构建的指纹图谱可以将24份小麦品种(系)逐一区分开来。24份小麦品种(系)间遗传相似系数的变异范围为0.54～0.92。采用非加权类平均法进行聚类分析,在相似系数064处,可将24份小麦品种(系)分为4大类群,在一定程度上反映了品种之间的亲缘关系。     

用RAPD标记研究中国木本植物胶孢炭疽菌的群体分化

收集并鉴定了43个胶孢炭疽菌菌株，用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)研究了胶胞炭疽菌种内的遗传分化。结果表明供试的43个菌株间遗传相似度变化较大。RAPD分子标记将43个胶胞炭疽菌菌株分为2个类群，其种内遗传分化与寄主没有相关性。因此认为根据寄主种类划分林木胶孢炭疽菌种内专化型不合适，用分子生物学方法更准确。