半糯粳稻品种核心标记的筛选及DNA指纹图谱的构建

目的 构建一套基于水稻重要性状基因标记的品种DNA指纹鉴定体系,为加强主栽优良食味半糯粳稻品种的种质管理与品种保护奠定基础。方法 以34个江浙沪主栽优良食味半糯粳稻品种为供试材料,通过已知标记多态性鉴定、公共数据库基因序列比对、基因组重测序等多种方法对水稻重要性状调控基因的关键差异位点进行筛选,开发核心SNP或InDel标记;利用As-PCR技术将SNP标记发展为依据电泳条带鉴别的简单PCR标记,通过电泳条带特征化和类型分析获得基因型信息,构建半糯粳稻品种的DNA指纹图谱库。结果 筛选出来源于40个水稻重要性状调控基因的54个核心标记,包括18个SNP标记和36个InDel标记;54个标记在20个品种中共检测到155个有效特征化条带,转化为155个0/1数据位点,建立各品种的DNA指纹数据库,可区分全部供试品种。遗传多样性分析表明,品种间遗传相似性变异范围为0.47—0.90,其中,南粳7718与苏香粳100的相似性系数最小,而南粳9308与南粳9036的相似性系数最大,二者存在8个数据位点差异。亲缘关系分析可将供试品种划分为6个分支,其中,南粳7718为独立分支,表明其与其他品种间的亲缘关系较远。核心标记鉴定效果的进一步验证表明,该套标记可以对14个半糯粳稻新品种进行有效区分,聚类图显示其分布于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ 3个类群,证实各品种间基因型信息的差异性;并利用该套标记鉴定了一个未知半糯水稻的品种真实性,根据基因型和聚类分析,将其判定为南粳9108。结论 经优化筛选,获得可准确区分当前主推半糯粳稻品种的54个核心标记,并发展为可电泳检测的简单PCR标记,利用该套标记组合构建了34个江浙沪地区主栽优良食味半糯粳稻品种的DNA指纹图谱。     

A Polymorphism in the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene (MC4R:c.92C>T) Is Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight Domestic Shorthaired Cats

Background

Feline diabetes mellitus (DM) shares many pathophysiologic features with human type 2 DM. Human genome‐wide association studies have identified genes associated with obesity and DM, including melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which plays an important role in energy balance and appetite regulation.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the feline MC4R gene and to determine whether any SNPs are associated with DM or overweight body condition in cats.

Animals

Two‐hundred forty domestic shorthaired (DSH) cats were recruited for the study. Of these, 120 diabetics were selected (60 overweight, 60 lean), along with 120 nondiabetic controls (60 overweight and 60 lean). Males and females were equally represented.

Methods

A prospective case‐control study was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and used as template for PCR amplification of the feline MC4R gene. The coding region of the gene was sequenced in 10 cats to identify polymorphisms. Subsequently, genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis assessed MC4R:c.92C > T allele and genotype frequencies in each group of cats.

Results

No significant differences in MC4R:c.92C>T allele or genotype frequencies were identified between nondiabetic overweight and lean cats. In the overweight diabetic group, 55% were homozygous for the MC4R:c.92C allele, compared to 33% of the lean diabetics and 30% of the nondiabetics. The differences between the overweight diabetic and the nondiabetics were significant (P < .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We identified a polymorphism in the coding sequence of feline MC4R that is associated with DM in overweight DSH cats, similar to the situation in humans.     

DNA Testing in Neurologic Diseases

DNA testing is available for a growing number of hereditary diseases in neurology and other specialties. In addition to guiding breeding decisions, DNA tests are important tools in the diagnosis of diseases, particularly in conditions for which clinical signs are relatively nonspecific. DNA testing also can provide valuable insight into the risk of hereditary disease when decisions about treating comorbidities are being made. Advances in technology and bioinformatics will make broad screening for potential disease‐causing mutations available soon. As DNA tests come into more common use, it is critical that clinicians understand the proper application and interpretation of these test results.     

我国红花分子及生化标记研究进展

红花是传统药用植物,同时兼具油料及工业用途,具有很大的开发应用潜力.随着分子生物技术的发展,国内外学者利用生化标记及分子标记技术对红花进行了深入研究,并取得了很大的进展.综述了我国生化标记及分子标记技术在红花研究中的应用,为更深入地开展红花研究奠定理论基础.     

Meeting demands for increased cereal production in China

Meeting demands for increased cereal production in China is a great challenge and this paper provides updated information on cereal production and the potential adaptation of cropping systems to climate change, as well as on progress in improving yield potential and developing molecular markers and GM cereals in China. Maize production and soybean imports are increasing significantly to meet the strong demand for feed by a rapidly growing livestock industry. Extension of the rice and maize growing seasons in northeastern China and improvement of the cropping system through delayed wheat planting have contributed to improving cereal productivity despite changing climatic conditions. Significant improvements in yield potential of rice, maize, and wheat have been achieved. Comparative genomics has been successfully used to develop and validate functional markers for processing quality traits in wheat, and also for developing new varieties. Although transgenic Bt rice and maize, and maize expressing phytase have been developed, their commercialization has not been officially permitted. International collaboration has contributed significantly to cereal production by providing germplasm and improved crop management practices. Full integration of applied molecular technologies into conventional breeding programs and promotion of lower-input technologies, will play a key role in increasing and sustaining future cereal production.     

西农979抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的分子鉴定及其亲缘关系分析

为明确小麦品种西农979对赤霉病的抗性遗传基础,以西农979和苏麦3号构建的F2代群体以及西农979的主要供体亲本为材料,利用与苏麦3号3BS染色体上Fhb1基因紧密连锁的2对SSR引物及其共分离特异性标记引物UMN10进行检测,并调查西农979大田赤霉病抗性。结果表明,引物Xgwm533、Xgwm493及UMN10对西农979、苏麦3号及西农979/苏麦3号构建的F2群体(510个单株)扩增结果均为单态,表明西农979具有苏麦3号3BS上的Fhb1基因位点。对西农979的主要供体亲本的分子标记及亲缘关系分析,进一步表明西农979具有苏麦3号的抗赤霉病基因,其Fhb1基因位点来源于西农881,这可能是西农979对小麦赤霉病表现为中抗或中感且抗性较为稳定的遗传基础。     

Molecular Mapping of a Stripe Rust Resistance Gene YrH9020a Transferred from Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng on Wheat Chromosome 6D

Stripe rust （yellow rust）, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat throughout the world. H9020-1-6-8-3 is a translocation line originally developed from interspeciifc hybridization between wheat line 7182 and Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng and is resistant to most Pst races in China. To identify the resistance gene（s） in the translocation line, H9020-1-6-8-3 was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169, and seedlings of the parents, F1, F2, F3, and BC1 generations were tested with prevalent Chinese Pst race CYR32 under controlled greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that there is a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as YrH9020a, conferring resistance to CYR32. The resistance gene was mapped by the F2 population from Mingxian 169/H9020-1-6-8-3. It was linked to six microsatellite markers, including Xbarc196, Xbarc202, Xbarc96, Xgpw4372, Xbarc21, and Xgdm141, lfanked by Xbarc96 and Xbarc202 with at 4.5 and 8.3 cM, respectively. Based on the chromosomal locations of these markers and the test of Chinese Spring （CS） nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic lines, the gene was assigned to chromosome 6D. According to the origin and the chromosomal location, YrH9020a might be a new resistance gene to stripe rust. The lfanking markers linked to YrH9020a could be useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.     

SSR分子标记在玉米品种真实性鉴定上的应用

跟田间种植鉴定相比,SSR 分子标记鉴定品种真实性具有快速、准确、不受环境影响等特点,是打击套 牌侵权、维护品种权人合法权益的有效途径。利用20 对核心引物对玉米品种进行真实性鉴定,有9 对核心引物扩增 产物出现明显差异,11 对核心引物扩增产物没差异,表明利用SSR 分子标记鉴定玉米品种真实性是可行的。     

Mate choice of an endogeic earthworm revealed by microsatellite markers

Endogeic earthworms are difficult study subjects due to the cryptic medium in which they live; thus, only the behaviour of epigeic and anecic earthworms has been studied before. We used microsatellite markers as a tool to elucidate the mate choice processes of Hormogaster elisae, an endogeic earthworm. It was shown to normally mate with two partners, preferably of the same size that are found in close proximity thereby eliminating the need for long-distance dispersion, which could explain the previously observed high genetic differentiation between populations. The genetic analyses of the sperm within each of its four spermathecae showed a uniform distribution with no signs of differential storage of sperm from different partners.